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Table 1 Low Glucose Ketone Index values are related to improved prognoses in humans and mice with brain tumors

From: The glucose ketone index calculator: a simple tool to monitor therapeutic efficacy for metabolic management of brain cancer

Subjects

Tumor type

Diet

# of subjects

Days on diet

Glucose (mM)

Ketones f (mM)

Glucose Ketone Index

Prognosis

Human1

Anaplastic Astrocytoma

KD-URa

1

0

5.5

0.2

27.5

No response to standard chemotherapy

   

56

5.0

4.6

1.1

FDG uptake at tumor site was decreased by 21.77%; tumor margins were unchanged

Cerebellar Astrocytoma

KD-UR

1

0

5.5

0.2

27.5

Tumor resected and initiated on KD while under standard chemotherapy,after tumor was radiologically stable by CT

   

56

4.0

5.5

0.7

FDG uptake at tumor site was decreased by 21.84%

Notes: Both patients remained in remission after return to standard diet for 5 years (Subject 1) and 4 years (Subject 2),at time of publication

Human2

Glioblastoma

KD-Rb

1

0

7.5

0.2g

37.5

Incomplete surgical resection of tumor; received chemotherapy and radiation therapy concurrent with diet

   

21

3.5

2.5g

1.4

No evidence of tumor by MRI after concurrent therapy

Notes: Patient stayed on low calorie diet for an additional 5 months; tumor recurrence 3 months after low-calorie diet suspension

Mouse3

Mouse CT-2A astrocytoma

SD-URc

7

13

9.1

0.6

15.2

Tumor dry weight:55 ± 15mgh

Syngenic (C57BL/6 J)

SD-Rd

6

13

5.2

1.4

3.7

Tumor dry weight:7 ± 7 mg

KD-UR

14

13

11.4

1.0

11.4

Tumor dry weight:70 ± 15 mg

KD-R

6

13

5.7

1.3

4.4

Tumor dry weight:14 ± 8 mg

Mouse4

Mouse CT-2A astrocytoma

SD-UR

12-14

8

14.0

0.2

70.0

Tumor dry weight:95 ± 25mgh

Syngenic (C57BL/6 J)

KD-UR

12-14

8

13.5

0.6

22.5

Tumor dry weight:90 ± 15 mg

KD-R

12-14

8

8.0

1.8

4.4

Tumor dry weight:35 ± 5 mg

Human U87-MG glioma

SD-UR

12-14

8

11.5

0.5

23.0

Tumor dry weight:60 ± 10mgh

Xenograft (SCID)

KD-UR

12-14

8

11.5

1.2

9.6

Tumor dry weight:60 ± 7 mg

KD-R

12-14

8

5.5

3.0

1.8

Tumor dry weight:37 ± 5 mg

Mouse5

Mouse GL261 glioma

SD-UR

19

13

10.0

0.2

50.0

Median survival time:23 days

(C57BL/6-cBrd/cBrd/Cr)

KD-UR

19

13

8.9

1.4

6.4

Median survival time:28 days

SD-UR + Rade

11

13

9.7

0.3

32.3

Median survival time:41 days

KD-UR + Rad

11

13

9.7

1.7

5.7

Median survival time:200 + days

  1. 1Nebeling et al., 1995 [27]
  2. 2Zuccoli et al., 2010 [28]
  3. 3Seyfried et al., 2003 [29]
  4. 4Zhou et al., 2007 [30]
  5. 5Abdelwahab et al., 2012 [31]
  6. aKetogenic diet, unrestricted.
  7. bKetogenic diet, restricted.
  8. c Standard diet, unrestricted.
  9. d Standard diet, restricted.
  10. e Diet with radiation therapy.
  11. f Blood/plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate measurement.
  12. g Urinary ketones were measured.
  13. h Mean ± 95% Confidence Interval.
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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