Fig. 2
Sphaeranthus Indicus extract inhibits TNF-α-induced production of adhesion molecules human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Confluent HUVECs in 96-well fibronectin–coated plates were pretreated with various concentrations of S. indicus or 7-HF for 30 min before being stimulated with 1 ng/mL TNF-α for the indicated time. The expressions of ICAM-1 and E-selectin were evaluated after TNF-α stimulation for 4 h, and expression of VCAM-1 was evaluated after 6 h of stimulation. The 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated by a nonlinear regression method using GraphPad software