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Table 2 Characteristics of the study population according to quartiles of visceral fat area levels in men
| Quartiles of visceral fat area (cm2) | P-valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (<89.95) | Q2 (89.95–115.72) | Q3 (115.72–140.46) | Q4 (≥140.46) | ||
| n | 64 | 65 | 64 | 64 | |
| Age, y | 42.36 ± 12.69 | 45.29 ± 12.03 | 46.92 ± 12.06 | 47.17 ± 11.58 | bNS |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.87 ± 2.23 | 25.59 ± 2.21# | 26.80 ± 2.51# & | 29.45 ± 2.77# & $ | 0.000 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 81.28 ± 5.58 | 88.36 ± 4.93# | 92.48 ± 5.50# & | 99.57 ± 5.83# & $ | 0.000 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 0.90 ± 0.02# | 0.92 ± 0.02# & | 0.95 ± 0.02# & $ | 0.000 |
| Fat mass, kg | 14.08 ± 3.52 | 19.90 ± 3.67# | 23.35 ± 4.97# & | 28.51 ± 5.64# & $ | 0.000 |
| Free fat mass, kg | 55.38 ± 6.43 | 57.40 ± 6.06# | 58.17 ± 5.60# & | 62.75 ± 5.93# & $ | 0.000 |
| Percentage body fat, % | 20.14 ± 3.63 | 25.68 ± 3.39# | 28.50 ± 4.28# & | 31.08 ± 4.02# & $ | 0.000 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 118.89 ± 11.35 | 121.78 ± 12.12 | 118.41 ± 11.35 | 122.93 ± 14.70 | bNS |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.19 ± 7.57 | 80.22 ± 10.05 | 80.57 ± 8.16 | 81.95 ± 10.95 | bNS |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.71 ± 0.78 | 4.93 ± 1.08 | 5.17 ± 0.90# | 5.31 ± 0.90# & | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.99(0.72–1.46) | 1.38(0.94–2.10)# | 1.53(1.22–2.11)# | 1.69(1.26–2.18)# | 0.036 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.22 ± 0.23 | 1.14 ± 0.21 | 1.13 ± 0.21 | 1.15 ± 0.18 | bNS |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.85 ± 0.66 | 2.91 ± 0.68 | 3.24 ± 0.76# & | 3.44 ± 0.79# & | 0.000 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.63 ± 0.95 | 6.10 ± 1.36 | 5.99 ± 1.13 | 6.13 ± 1.58 | bNS |
| 25(OH)D3, μg/L | 42.30 ± 19.59 | 34.90 ± 20.93# | 30.80 ± 20.15# | 25.01 ± 14.05# & | 0.000 |
| Smoking, % yes | 28.13 | 41.54# | 43.75# | 57.81# | 0.009 |
| Drinking, % yes | 57.81 | 73.85 | 71.88 | 76.56 | bNS |
| Doing exercise, % yes | 51.56 | 67.69 | 67.19 | 73.44 | bNS |
| Sunshine time, h/day | 1.00(0.50–1.00) | 1.00(0.00–3.00) | 0.50(0.00–1.50) | 1.00(0.00–2.00) | bNS |
| Vitamin D supplement users, % yes | 1.56 | 0.00 | 6.25 | 1.56 | bNS |
