|
n
|
64
|
65
|
64
|
64
| |
|
Age, y
|
42.36 ± 12.69
|
45.29 ± 12.03
|
46.92 ± 12.06
|
47.17 ± 11.58
|
bNS
|
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
22.87 ± 2.23
|
25.59 ± 2.21#
|
26.80 ± 2.51#
&
|
29.45 ± 2.77#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Waist circumference, cm
|
81.28 ± 5.58
|
88.36 ± 4.93#
|
92.48 ± 5.50#
&
|
99.57 ± 5.83#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Waist-to-hip ratio
|
0.86 ± 0.03
|
0.90 ± 0.02#
|
0.92 ± 0.02#
&
|
0.95 ± 0.02#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Fat mass, kg
|
14.08 ± 3.52
|
19.90 ± 3.67#
|
23.35 ± 4.97#
&
|
28.51 ± 5.64#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Free fat mass, kg
|
55.38 ± 6.43
|
57.40 ± 6.06#
|
58.17 ± 5.60#
&
|
62.75 ± 5.93#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Percentage body fat, %
|
20.14 ± 3.63
|
25.68 ± 3.39#
|
28.50 ± 4.28#
&
|
31.08 ± 4.02#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
118.89 ± 11.35
|
121.78 ± 12.12
|
118.41 ± 11.35
|
122.93 ± 14.70
|
bNS
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
78.19 ± 7.57
|
80.22 ± 10.05
|
80.57 ± 8.16
|
81.95 ± 10.95
|
bNS
|
|
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
|
4.71 ± 0.78
|
4.93 ± 1.08
|
5.17 ± 0.90#
|
5.31 ± 0.90#
&
|
0.001
|
|
Triglycerides, mmol/L
|
0.99(0.72–1.46)
|
1.38(0.94–2.10)#
|
1.53(1.22–2.11)#
|
1.69(1.26–2.18)#
|
0.036
|
|
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L
|
1.22 ± 0.23
|
1.14 ± 0.21
|
1.13 ± 0.21
|
1.15 ± 0.18
|
bNS
|
|
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L
|
2.85 ± 0.66
|
2.91 ± 0.68
|
3.24 ± 0.76#
&
|
3.44 ± 0.79#
&
|
0.000
|
|
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L
|
5.63 ± 0.95
|
6.10 ± 1.36
|
5.99 ± 1.13
|
6.13 ± 1.58
|
bNS
|
|
25(OH)D3, μg/L
|
42.30 ± 19.59
|
34.90 ± 20.93#
|
30.80 ± 20.15#
|
25.01 ± 14.05#
&
|
0.000
|
|
Smoking, % yes
|
28.13
|
41.54#
|
43.75#
|
57.81#
|
0.009
|
|
Drinking, % yes
|
57.81
|
73.85
|
71.88
|
76.56
|
bNS
|
|
Doing exercise, % yes
|
51.56
|
67.69
|
67.19
|
73.44
|
bNS
|
|
Sunshine time, h/day
|
1.00(0.50–1.00)
|
1.00(0.00–3.00)
|
0.50(0.00–1.50)
|
1.00(0.00–2.00)
|
bNS
|
|
Vitamin D supplement users, % yes
|
1.56
|
0.00
|
6.25
|
1.56
|
bNS
|
