Derivatives | Model | Experimental outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Cinnamic acid | High Cholesterol fed rats (Cinnamic acid (0.02Â %, w/w) | - Inhibited hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activity. - Reduced the elevated AST and AST concentration in plasma. - Lowered plasma and liver triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations. - Improved antioxidant ezymes activities in erythrocytes and liver. | [96] |
 | Cinnamic acid (30 mg/kg/day) for 7 weeks | - The administration of CA to HFD-fed rats reduced the body weight gain - Reduced serum lipid profile and - Reverted back near to normal of lipase and ACE enzymes activities | [122] |
HFD diet fed Male Wistar rats | |||
Ferulic acid | C57BL/6 mice fed with high fat diet. | - Lowered liver and plasma cholesterol by reducing fatty acid synthase and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase | [97] |
 | Golden syrian hamsters (chow-based hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) containing 10 % coconut oil and 0.1 % cholesterol for 2 weeks) | - Lowered plasma plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. - Preserved the antioxidant status by preserving higher amount of Vitamin E in plasma. | [98] |
 | Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) | - Plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were lower after 2 h administration. - The mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid and drug metabolism was downregulated | [99] |
 | Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apo E−/−) mice fed Western | - Lowered the Concentrations of total cholesterol (total-C), apolipoprotein B (apo B) in the plasma and epididymal adipose tissue wet weight - Lowered hepatic ACAT and HMG-CoA reductase were only significantly. | [101] |
 | Male apo E−/− mice | - Lowered The hepatic and erythrocyte thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels. - Lowered the plasma total cholesterol concentration accompanied with a decreased hepatic acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. | [100] |
 | Streptozotocin induced diabetes rat | - Reduced the elevated plasma lipid and blood glucose levels | [102] |
Caffeic acid | High fat diet in mice (30Â mg/kg of CAPE) | - Reduced plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. - Amelioration in hepatic steatosis. - Increase in glucose sensitivity by improving phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-2 and Akt phosphorylation. - Reduced the induction of the inflammatory pathway, c-jun-N- terminal kinase, the nuclear factor kappa B, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. | [117] |
Chlorogenic acid | ICR mice fed with high fat diet. | - Lowered plasma cholesterol by reducing the activity of fatty acid synthase and HMG-CoA reductase and increased the fatty acid beta oxidation. | [15] |
 | Fa/fa Zucker Rats | - Lowered plasma fasting cholesterol and triglycerides | [103] |
 | Streptozotocin (STZ)–nicotinamide (NA)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. (CGA 5 mg/kg) | - Lowered the plasma lipid; cholesterol, free faty acids and triglycerides. - Lowered HMG-CoA reductase activity in liver and increased LPL activity in plasma. | [104] |