Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics and plasma levels of fatty acids of each groups according to linoleic acid intake

Age (year)

0.861

Male/Female n, (%)

0.519

BMI (kg/m²)

23.9 ± 0.41

23.8 ± 0.41

24.4 ± 0.46

24.4 ± 0.46

24.5 ± 0.43

24.5 ± 0.43

0.530

0.481

Estimated energy intake (kcal/d)^†

2093.3 ± 30.2

2103.4 ± 24.7

2106.0 ± 23.0

2095.9 ± 24.6

2094.8 ± 24.0

2097.4 ± 30.8

0.993

0.978

Carbohydrate (% of energy)^†

61.7 ± 0.11

64.5 ± 0.32^a,***

61.4 ± 0.16

61.2 ± 0.23^b

61.8 ± 0.10

58.1 ± 0.40^c,***

0.080

<0.001

Protein (% of energy)^†

16.5 ± 0.10

16.2 ± 0.45

16.4 ± 0.15

16.8 ± 0.18

16.5 ± 0.12

16.7 ± 0.14

0.858

0.381

Fat (% of energy)^†

21.9 ± 0.11

19.6 ± 0.38^c,***

22.1 ± 0.07

22.0 ± 0.09^b

22.0 ± 0.10

25.4 ± 0.40^a,***

0.373

<0.001

PUFA/SFA^†

1.24 ± 0.02

1.30 ± 0.04^b

1.23 ± 0.01

1.22 ± 0.01^b

1.20 ± 0.01

1.75 ± 0.01^a,***

0.389

<0.001

n-6/n-3^†

9.79 ± 0.28

9.25 ± 0.36^b

9.75 ± 0.37

9.66 ± 0.34^a,b

9.83 ± 0.26

10.7 ± 0.26^a,*

0.928

0.003

γ-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-6)^‡

0.194 ± 0.017

0.162 ± 0.011^*

0.185 ± 0.011

0.182 ± 0.010

0.176 ± 0.016

0.208 ± 0.020^*

0.692

0.070

Change

0.001

α-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3)^‡

0.139 ± 0.018

0.120 ± 0.011^b

0.125 ± 0.010

0.129 ± 0.011^b

0.159 ± 0.017

0.188 ± 0.021^a

0.319

0.004

Change

0.018

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (C20:3, n-6)^‡

0.146 ± 0.005

0.130 ± 0.007^b,**

0.154 ± 0.005

0.155 ± 0.005^a

0.142 ± 0.007

0.157 ± 0.008^a,*

0.345

0.008

Change

<0.001

Arachidonic acid (C20:4, n-6)^‡

0.647 ± 0.016

0.632 ± 0.017

0.666 ± 0.019

0.670 ± 0.019

0.654 ± 0.020

0.691 ± 0.019^**

0.753

0.062

Change

0.015

Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3)^‡

0.233 ± 0.016

0.236 ± 0.015

0.230 ± 0.018

0.239 ± 0.016

0.211 ± 0.017

0.197 ± 0.011

0.604

0.071

Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3)^‡

0.428 ± 0.025

0.411 ± 0.023

0.446 ± 0.030

0.440 ± 0.028

0.458 ± 0.024

0.455 ± 0.019

0.715

0.404

Systolic BP (mmHg)

123.1 ± 1.82

120.5 ± 1.76

120.2 ± 1.92

117.8 ± 1.76

122.1 ± 1.78

123.1 ± 1.77

0.543

0.106

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

79.5 ± 1.42

76.9 ± 1.24^*

76.8 ± 1.34

74.5 ± 1.23^*

77.4 ± 1.22

77.3 ± 1.26

0.333

0.243

Prothrombin time (sec)

10.5 ± 0.07

10.6 ± 0.08

10.7 ± 0.08

10.7 ± 0.08

10.6 ± 0.08

10.6 ± 0.07

0.552

0.730

Activated partial thromboplastin time (sec)

26.3 ± 0.37

26.9 ± 0.42^*

27.3 ± 0.35

27.4 ± 0.40

26.4 ± 0.33

26.5 ± 0.35

0.103

0.288

Fibrinogen (mg/dL)

260.7 ± 5.12

272.1 ± 6.54^*

269.0 ± 6.51

270.9 ± 6.33

267.4 ± 5.27

263.0 ± 4.63

0.541

0.491

CEPI-CT (sec)

142.4 ± 7.37

144.4 ± 8.20

141.2 ± 5.50

141.4 ± 7.88

151.3 ± 8.41

144.2 ± 7.26

0.561

0.694

Triglyceride (mg/dL)^∮

132.3 ± 10.2

117.4 ± 8.38

123.1 ± 8.57

122.1 ± 9.71

136.8 ± 12.7

169.6 ± 28.3

0.938

0.137

Total-cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

228.3 ± 3.44

210.1 ± 4.40^b,***

231.2 ± 3.91

227.5 ± 3.90^a

222.0 ± 3.94

227.4 ± 6.09^a

0.182

0.018

Change

<0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

55.4 ± 2.09

55.8 ± 2.02

58.6 ± 2.55

60.3 ± 2.64

51.1 ± 2.03

53.9 ± 2.60

0.081

0.136

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

146.5 ± 3.54

129.1 ± 3.50^b,***

148.0 ± 3.63

142.8 ± 3.55^a

143.7 ± 3.74

143.3 ± 4.61^a

0.670

0.017

Change

0.003

Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL)^∮

162.8 ± 4.14

161.2 ± 3.50

167.9 ± 5.07

170.5 ± 4.65

152.7 ± 3.59

156.6 ± 4.15

0.065

0.059

Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)^∮

126.4 ± 3.85

122.3 ± 3.69

128.7 ± 3.48

127.9 ± 3.29

121.2 ± 3.48

127.6 ± 3.29^*

0.305

0.349

Change

0.010

Glucose (mg/dL)^∮

89.5 ± 1.35

89.3 ± 1.36

88.1 ± 1.11

87.9 ± 1.15

87.6 ± 0.97

86.3 ± 1.23

0.564

0.250

Insulin (μIU/mL)^∮

8.56 ± 0.51

8.41 ± 0.43

8.95 ± 0.50

8.81 ± 0.52

8.63 ± 0.57

8.70 ± 0.64

0.615

0.895

hs-CRP (mg/L)^∮

0.53 ± 0.06

0.83 ± 0.16^*

0.79 ± 0.16

0.75 ± 0.11

0.77 ± 0.13

0.73 ± 0.13

0.253

0.641

Oxidized LDL (U/L)^∮

63.6 ± 1.98

61.9 ± 1.91

61.6 ± 2.29

61.9 ± 2.66

63.6 ± 2.68

67.9 ± 2.32^**

0.714

0.084

Change

0.018