|
Characteristics
|
Group 1 (n = 15)
|
Group 2 (n = 15)
|
Group 3 (n = 15)
|
|---|
| |
Basal
|
Final
|
Change
|
Basal
|
Final
|
Change
|
Basal
|
Final
|
Change
|
|
Age (years)
|
63.47 ± 6.59
|
NA
|
NA
|
65.13 ± 5.74
|
NA
|
NA
|
64.07 ± 6.94
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
MedScore
|
9.73 ± 1.83
|
10.31 ± 1.88
|
0.31 ± 2.81
|
9.43 ± 2.10
|
11.43 ± 1.22
|
1.85 ± 1.72
|
9.53 ± 2.16
|
10.47 ± 1.59
|
0.93 ± 2.49
|
|
Alcohol (g)
|
16.30 ± 24.10
|
10.77 ± 11.63
|
−5.70 ± 15.71
|
29.93 ± 28.58
|
12.75 ± 10.71
|
−12.89 ± 24.40b,c
|
7.48 ± 10.11
|
11.76 ± 13.07
|
4.28 ± 6.82
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
27.36 ± 2.10
|
27.21 ± 3.38
|
−0.08 ± 2.04
|
28.65 ± 3.39
|
29.68 ± 3.72
|
0.91 ± 1.94
|
29.08 ± 2.84
|
28.18 ± 3.12
|
−0.90 ± 1.98
|
|
WC (cm)
|
97.29 ± 9.41
|
99.09 ± 12.11
|
1.30 ± 6.11
|
98.43 ± 10.28
|
102.07 ± 11.82
|
2.23 ± 7.86
|
100.80 ± 11.69
|
99.20 ± 12.52
|
−1.60 ± 7.33
|
|
AST (U/L)
|
20.36 ± 5.84
|
17.82 ± 6.70a,b
|
−0.91 ± 6.93
|
21.14 ± 6.51
|
26.14 ± 8.20b,c
|
5.00 ± 7.68
|
21.60 ± 11.41
|
19.00 ± 6.03
|
−2.60 ± 14.12
|
|
AST/ALT
|
0.61 ± 0.28a,b/a,c
|
0.49 ± 0.19a,b/a,c
|
−0.08 ± 0.20
|
0.80 ± 0.23
|
0.88 ± 0.16
|
0.08 ± 0.18b,c
|
0.97 ± 0.25
|
0.84 ± 0.37
|
−0.13 ± 0.26
|
|
Glu (mg/dL)
|
131.33 ± 49.75
|
108.16 ± 19.73
|
−18.50 ± 38.10
|
124.97 ± 42.31
|
122.07 ± 59.13
|
−2.90 ± 61.46
|
138.38 ± 46.72
|
156.53 ± 62.44
|
18.14 ± 54.08
|
|
TG (mg/dL)
|
158.33 ± 81.12
|
158.00 ± 51.73
|
4.83 ± 53.32
|
117.98 ± 53.23
|
160.78 ± 98.12
|
42.80 ± 78.71
|
157.54 ± 106.38
|
150.13 ± 110.68
|
−7.41 ± 137.09
|
|
TC (mg/dL)
|
229.43 ± 49.23
|
201.85 ± 41.16
|
−30.68 ± 55.85
|
207.64 ± 46.53
|
195.21 ± 25.70
|
−12.43 ± 45.39
|
208.07 ± 45.39
|
190.15 ± 36.21
|
−17.92 ± 36.83
|
|
HDL-C (mg/dL)
|
49.26 ± 11.86
|
45.90 ± 12.29
|
−3.32 ± 10.33
|
56.38 ± 12.54
|
53.71 ± 11.21
|
−2.67 ± 10.04
|
48.41 ± 8.82
|
55.74 ± 16.84
|
6.52 ± 14.54
|
|
LDL-C (mg/dL)
|
132.97 ± 28.29
|
114.67 ± 32.60
|
−20.05 ± 26.78
|
127.79 ± 39.65
|
110.03 ± 21.69
|
−17.77 ± 48.77
|
121.14 ± 33.85
|
105.45 ± 29.71
|
−15.22 ± 23.65
|
|
Diabetes
|
40.0%
|
NA
|
NA
|
60.0%
|
NA
|
NA
|
60%
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
Hypercholest
|
66.7%
|
NA
|
NA
|
66.7%
|
NA
|
NA
|
46.7%
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
Hypertension
|
93.3%
|
NA
|
NA
|
80.0%
|
NA
|
NA
|
80%
|
NA
|
NA
|
- Data are expressed as means ± SD or percentage
- One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and Pearson Chi-Square test for categorical variables
- Microalbuminuria changes in characteristics of studied groups at the end of the follow-up were excluded from analysis, because there were only few cases, namely 18 out of 45
- Abbreviations: NA Not Available, MedScore Mediterranean Diet Score, BMI Body Mass Index, WC Waist Circumference, AST aspartate aminotransferase, Glu Glucose, TC Total cholesterol, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Hypercholest Hypercholesterolemia
-
a,b,c: Identical superscript letters denote significant differences between groups (p < 0.05 after post-hoc multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni rule in the case of normally distributed continuous variables, Mann-Whitney test in the case of non- normally distributed continuous variables)
- Group 1 Participants did not meet NAFLD criteria at the baseline and during the follow-up
- Group 2 Participantsdid not meet NAFLD criteria at baseline, but met NAFLD criteria during the follow-up
- Group 3 Participants met NAFLD criteria at baseline, but not during the follow-up
-
a,bp Value <0.05 “Group 1” vs. “Group 2”
-
a,c
p Value <0.05 “Group 1” vs. “Group 3”
-
b,c
p Value <0.05 “Group 2” vs. “Group 3”
