Markers of neuroprotection of combined EPA and DHA provided by fish oil are higher than those of EPA (Nannochloropsis) and DHA (Schizochytrium) from microalgae oils in Wistar rats

Lopes, Paula A.; Bandarra, Narcisa M.; Martins, Susana V.; Martinho, Joana; Alfaia, Cristina M.; Madeira, Marta S.; Cardoso, Carlos; Afonso, Cláudia; Paulo, Maria C.; Pinto, Rui M. A.; Guil-Guerrero, José L.; Prates, José A. M.

doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0218-y

Table 4 Total FAME (mg/g) and fatty acid composition (% total fatty acids) in liver

From: Markers of neuroprotection of combined EPA and DHA provided by fish oil are higher than those of EPA (Nannochloropsis) and DHA (Schizochytrium) from microalgae oils in Wistar rats

	Milk Fat		Fish Oil		Nanno		Schyzo		Significance
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Total FAME	317^ab	9.38	324^ab	13.7	340^a	16.5	308^b	9.09	0.009
Fatty acids
12:0	0.103^a	0.005	0.089^a	0.007	0.129^a	0.015	0.064^b	0.005	< 0.001
14:0	1.67^b	0.077	1.91^ab	0.128	2.33^a	0.137	1.19^c	0.081	< 0.001
15:0	0.391^c	0.009	0.525^b	0.017	0.596^b	0.025	1.05^a	0.053	< 0.001
16:0	18.1^b	0.186	24.2^a	0.484	24.4^a	0.510	24.3^a	1.08	< 0.001
16:1n-9	0.416^b	0.033	0.622^a	0.055	0.421^b	0.031	0.392^b	0.026	0.008
16:1n-7	2.13^b	0.220	3.40^a	0.402	4.58^a	0.471	1.74^b	0.151	< 0.001
17:0isobr	0.274^b	0.005	0.365^a	0.019	0.357^a	0.014	0.292^ab	0.029	<0.001
17:0	0.221^d	0.008	0.270^c	0.015	0.346^b	0.019	0.541^a	0.025	<0.001
16:3n-4	0.212^b	0.009	0.293^a	0.020	0.322^a	0.020	0.261^ab	0.017	<0.001
17:1	0.089	0.005	0.109	0.008	0.098	0.007	0.104	0.015	0.192
18:0	6.10^b	0.369	6.62^ab	0.587	7.47^ab	0.652	8.19^a	0.359	0.003
18:1n-9	21.7^b	0.289	24.9^a	0.595	21.2^b	0.329	19.2^c	0.578	< 0.001
18:1n-7	2.00^a	0.070	2.21^a	0.060	2.25^a	0.077	1.68^b	0.056	< 0.001
19:0isobr	0.186^b	0.006	0.227^a	0.012	0.253^a	0.016	0.157^b	0.009	< 0.001
18:2n-6	30.7^a	0.471	18.3^c	0.325	21.6^b	0.417	21.1^b	0.259	< 0.001
19:0	0.412^a	0.025	0.113^d	0.005	0.167^b	0.006	0.141^c	0.002	< 0.001
18:3n-3	2.57^a	0.293	1.33^b	0.086	1.50^b	0.097	1.38^b	0.055	0.003
18:4n-3	0.145	0.025	0.114	0.012	0.083	0.021	0.093	0.025	0.269
20:1n-9	0.222^b	0.008	0.574^a	0.029	0.097^c	0.003	0.071^d	0.005	< 0.001
20:1n-7	0.103	0.014	0.121	0.018	0.099	0.007	0.099	0.012	0.688
20:2n-6	0.344^a	0.021	0.126^b	0.003	0.135^b	0.004	0.100^c	0.006	< 0.001
20:4n-6	5.88^a	0.257	2.51^b	0.308	4.37^ab	0.254	5.40^ab	0.324	< 0.001
20:4n-3	0.180^ab	0.060	0.272^a	0.033	0.117^b	0.013	0.103^b	0.014	< 0.001
20:5n-3	0.513^c	0.075	2.17^a	0.217	2.08^a	0.209	0.900^b	0.093	< 0.001
22:4n-6	0.242^a	0.014	0.053^b	0.003	0.091^b	0.005	0.100^ab	0.017	< 0.001
22:5n-3	0.715^b	0.081	1.18^a	0.070	1.31^a	0.112	0.409^b	0.081	< 0.001
22:6n-3	1.33^b	0.067	3.85^a	0.293	0.598^c	0.051	6.43^a	1.18	< 0.001
Others	3.04^ab	0.089	3.40^b	0.120	3.05^a	0.057	4.53^c	0.265	< 0.001
Partial sums and ratios
Total SFA	27.4^b	0.288	34.4^a	0.846	36.1^a	0.980	35.9^a	1.55	< 0.001
Total MUFA	26.7^b	0.492	32.0^a	0.955	28.7^ab	0.780	23.3^c	0.756	< 0.001
Total PUFA	42.8^a	0.378	30.2^c	1.04	32.1^bc	0.885	36.3^b	1.83	< 0.001
Total n-3	5.45^b	0.505	8.92^a	0.599	5.69^b	0.430	9.31^a	1.36	< 0.001
Total n-6	37.2^a	0.604	21.0^c	0.555	26.1^b	0.544	26.7^b	0.554	< 0.001
n-3/n-6	0.148^c	0.017	0.423^a	0.022	0.217^b	0.013	0.343^ab	0.044	< 0.001

n = 8 per group. Total SFA = 12:0 + 14:0 + 15:0 + 16:0 + 17:0isobr + 17:0 + 18:0 + 19:0isobr + 19:0; Total MUFA = 16:1n-9 + 16:1n-7 + 18:1n-9 + 18:1n-7 + 20:1n-9 + 20:1n-7; Total PUFA = 16:3n-4 + 18:2n-6 + 18:3n-3 + 18:4n-3 + 20:2n-6 + 20:4n-6 + 20:4n-3 + 20:5n-3 + 22:4n-6 + 22:5n-3 + 22:6n-3; Total n-3 = 18:3n-3 + 18:4n-3 + 20:4n-3 + 20:5n-3 + 22:5n-3 + 22:6n-3; Total n-6 = 18:2n-6 + 20:2n-6 + 20:4n-6 + 22:4n-6. ^a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are statistically different (PDIFF adjust Tukey, P < 0.05)

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