Parameter | DW + W | DW + F | OA + W | OA + F | HF + W | HF + F | OAHF + W | OAHF + F |
|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | a6.3 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 1.1 |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 45.3 ± 10.5 | 53.2 ± 10.2 | 44.6 ± 9.4 | 51.4 ± 8.7 | 39.8 ± 5.2 | 56.9 ± 7.9 | 41.9 ± 10.2 | 46.5 ± 16.5 |
HOMA-IR | 0.24 ± 0.06 | b0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | c0.35 ± 0.12 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.07 |
- All data presented as mean ± standard deviation
- abc Significant increase in glucose and abc HOMA-IR (P < 0.05) for groups receiving fructose late (DW + F) and a double hit (neonatally and in adulthood, HF + F) compared with other treatment groups. DW + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of distilled water with DMSO (0.5% v/v) in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 7; female = 7); DW + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of distilled water with DMSO (0.5% v/v) in the neonatal period followed ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose solution as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 6; female = 6); OA + W = gavaged daily with 60 mg/kg body mass oleanolic acid in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 8; female = 8); OA + F = gavaged with 60 mg/kg body mass oleanolic acid in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 8); HF + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 6; female = 7); HF + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 8); OAHF + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of a combination of oleanolic acid (60 mg/kg) and 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 7; female = 6); OAHF + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of a combination of oleanolic acid (60 mg/kg) and 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose solution as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 7)
