Table 4 Dietary intakes of overweight/obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Dietary intakes | Nanocurcumin (n = 42) Mean(SD) | Placebo (n = 42) Mean(SD) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | Baseline | 2473.2(470.5) | 2338.6(496.3) | 0.2* | 0.001** |
1.5 Months | 2089.9(412.9) | 2267.0(468.4) | 0.07 | ||
3 Months | 2019.4(380.5) | 2205.9(476.0) | 0.05 | ||
Protein (g) | Baseline | 100.7(30.7) | 97.1(32.7) | 0.6 | 0.3 |
1.5 Months | 93.7(24.9) | 93.8(31.8) | 0.8 | ||
3 Months | 84.1(28.7) | 92.9(31.4) | 0.2 | ||
Protein (%) | Baseline | 16.3(3.7) | 16.5(4.1) | 0.7 | 0.2 |
1.5 Months | 18.0(3.8) | 16.4(3.9) | 0.06 | ||
3 Months | 16.6(4.8) | 16.7(4.1) | 0.8 | ||
Carbohydrate (g) | Baseline | 296.1(55.6) | 280.5(81.9) | 0.3 | 0.3 |
1.5 Months | 253.8(68.9) | 252.3(58.9) | 0.9 | ||
3 Months | 256.2(47.8) | 266.0(73.3) | 0.3 | ||
Carbohydrate (%) | Baseline | 48.5(7.7) % | 47.8(9.0) % | 0.7 | 0.5 |
1.5 Months | 48.4(8.7) % | 45.1(8.7) % | 0.08 | ||
3 Months | 51.2(7.4) % | 48.1(8.0) % | 0.07 | ||
Fat total (g) | Baseline | 103.1(32.8) | 97.0(27.4) | 0.3 | 0.001 |
1.5 Months | 82.3(22.5) | 102.4(31.1) | 0.001 | ||
3 Months | 78.7(20.6) | 90.4(24.6) | 0.02 | ||
Fat total (%) | Baseline | 37.00(6.9) % | 37.5(7.4) % | 0.7 | 0.1 |
1.5 Months | 35.5(6.7) % | 40.2(7.1) % | 0.003 | ||
3 Months | 34.8(4.9) % | 37.0(6.6) % | 0.09 | ||
Cholesterol (mg) | Baseline | 268.2(168.8) | 282.3(178.7) | 0.7 | 0.3 |
1.5 Months | 273.9(150.8) | 271.3(153.1) | 0.9 | ||
3 Months | 198.3(126.8) | 263.9(125.6) | 0.01 | ||
Saturated fat (g) | Baseline | 27.3(11.4) | 25.5(9.2) | 0.7 | 0.03 |
1.5 Months | 22.5(7.2) | 27.9(9.7) | 0.005 | ||
3 Months | 21.2(8.5) | 25.6(9.8) | 0.03 | ||
Monounsaturated fatty acid (g) | Baseline | 37.8(13.7) | 36.1(9.8) | 0.5 | 0.008 |
1.5 Months | 30.4(8.9) | 36.7(11.6) | 0.006 | ||
3 Months | 28.5(8.2) | 33.7(9.0) | 0.008 | ||
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g) | Baseline | 26.4(13.6) | 25.0(11.6) | 0.5 | 0.06 |
1.5 Months | 20.3(7.6) | 26.6(15.3) | 0.1 | ||
3 Months | 20.2(6.8) | 22.1(7.1) | 0.4 | ||
Vitamin A (RAE) (μg) | Baseline | 316.8(210.7) | 349.0(264.2) | 0.6 | 0.6 |
1.5 Months | 366.9(287.1) | 319.7(270.6) | 0.2 | ||
3 Months | 416.2(378.3) | 407.0(344.8) | 0.4 | ||
Carotenoids (μg) | Baseline | 8009.3(6994.8) | 7580.6(6601.1) | 0.7 | 0.8 |
1.5 Months | 8527.0(6850.7) | 8068.6(6627.9) | 0.7 | ||
3 Months | 8184.9(6718.9) | 8705.7(7724.2) | 0.9 | ||
Vitamin C (mg) | Baseline | 97.0(84.4) | 79.8(61.3) | 0.4 | 0.9 |
1.5 Months | 83.8(61.0) | 74.2(69.4) | 0.1 | ||
3 Months | 95.1(73.5) | 85.7(71.8) | 0.2 | ||
Calcium (mg) | Baseline | 1086.0(502.2) | 1115.7(521.2) | 0.7 | 0.1 |
1.5 Months | 1025.8(360.1) | 910.2(473.1) | 0.03 | ||
3 Months | 897.8(408.9) | 1076.8(475.1) | 0.06 | ||
Iron (mg) | Baseline | 15.0(3.5) | 14.8(5.0) | 0.7 | 0.3 |
1.5 Months | 14.1(4.0) | 13.7(3.1) | 0.6 | ||
3 Months | 13.1(3.1) | 14.1(4.0) | 0.1 | ||
Vitamin D (μg) | Baseline | 1.0(1.8) | 1.9(2.1) | 0.01 | 0.02 |
1.5 Months | 2.4(3.6) | 1.1(1.6) | 0.03 | ||
3 Months | 2.1(3.5) | 1.4(1.6) | 0.9 | ||
Vitamin E (mg) | Baseline | 29.7(19.0) | 28.7(13.1) | 0.7 | 0.5 |
1.5 Months | 24.9(9.2) | 27.0(14.6) | 0.4 | ||
3 Months | 23.7(8.6) | 26.9(8.2) | 0.1 | ||
Vitamin B1 (mg) | Baseline | 1.9(0.3) | 1.7(0.5) | 0.08 | 0.01 |
1.5 Months | 1.6(0.4) | 1.5(0.4) | 0.3 | ||
3 Months | 1.5(0.3) | 1.7(0.5) | 0.06 | ||
Vitamin B2 (mg) | Baseline | 1.9(0.7) | 2.0(0.8) | 0.5 | 0.1 |
1.5 Months | 1.9(0.6) | 1.8(0.6) | 0.1 | ||
3 Months | 1.7(0.7) | 1.9(0.7) | 0.1 | ||
Vitamin B3 (mg) | Baseline | 30.3(13.2) | 27.8(12.9) | 0.4 | 0.4 |
1.5 Months | 25.7(10.2) | 27.2(14.7) | 0.8 | ||
3 Months | 24.2(10.6) | 26.3(11.9) | 0.4 | ||
Vitamin B6 (mg) | Baseline | 2.2(0.7) | 1.9(0.6) | 0.05 | 0.02 |
1.5 Months | 1.8(0.5) | 1.8(0.7) | 0.5 | ||
3 Months | 1.7(0.6) | 1.9(0.6) | 0.1 | ||
Folate (DFE) (μg) | Baseline | 504.0(222.7) | 443.6(181.5) | 0.3 | 0.04 |
1.5 Months | 425.7(155.8) | 426.5(149.7) | 0.7 | ||
3 Months | 413.0(126.7) | 471.7(152.9) | 0.05 | ||
Vitamin B12 (μg) | Baseline | 4.1(2.5) | 4.4(2.5) | 0.6 | 0.6 |
1.5 Months | 5.1(2.8) | 4.6(2.5) | 0.5 | ||
3 Months | 4.3(3.0) | 4.4(2.4) | 0.9 | ||
Vitamin K (μg) | Baseline | 148.6(224.4) | 134.9(287.3) | 0.1 | 0.8 |
1.5 Months | 142.6(279.7) | 86.5(135.3) | 0.5 | ||
3 Months | 192.2(366.3) | 168.8(419.1) | 0.6 | ||
Zinc (mg) | Baseline | 12.4(3.3) | 12.7(3.7) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
1.5 Months | 12.6(4.0) | 12.4(3.3) | 0.7 | ||
3 Months | 11.5(3.7) | 12.1(4.5) | 0.6 | ||
Selenium (μg) | Baseline | 113.7(34.2) | 119.9(54.1) | 0.7 | 0.2 |
1.5 Months | 120.4(58.1) | 99.2(37.9) | 0.09 | ||
3 Months | 112.0(57.7) | 106.6(44.5) | 0.6 | ||
Fiber total (g) | Baseline | 29.8(12.8) | 31.0(16.1) | 0.9 | 0.09 |
1.5 Months | 30.1(16.5) | 27.1(15.1) | 0.5 | ||
3 Months | 24.5(9.5) | 31.5(15.6) | 0.03 | ||