Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants across the two groups with or without outcomes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006–2008)

Age (year)

58.5 ± 9.8

37.4 ± 12.8*

44.3 ± 12.2

35.1 ± 11.9^*

34.3 ± 15.7

33.9 ± 15.3

Male (%)

68.4

42.6*

50.5

41.5*

35.2

42.1*

Smoking (%)

20.2

11.7*

2.1

3.0

5.8

9.5*

Physical activity (MET-h/week)

31.7 ± 46.0

36.1 ± 58.6

33.0 ± 52.9

35.2 ± 57.6

47.4 ± 68.9

43.9 ± 66.1

BMI (m²/kg)

28.4 ± 4.4

26.5 ± 4.8*

29.0 ± 4.6

25.8 ± 4.5*

28.5 ± 4.5

27.1 ± 4.8*

Waist circumference (cm)

97.4 ± 9.9

87.9 ± 13.3*

95.2 ± 10.6

85.8 ± 12.8*

95.0 ± 11.0

89.9 ± 13.3*

SBP (mmHg)

128 ± 19.0

109 ± 14.8*

115 ± 10.7

105 ± 11.2*

122 ± 19.9

112 ± 16.3*

DBP (mmHg)

79.9 ± 11.2

72.4 ± 10.3*

77.0 ± 7.4

69.7 ± 8.6*

74.7 ± 10.6

72.1 ± 10.4*

FPG (mg/dl)

104 ± 37.5

88.3 ± 16.1*

93.3 ± 23.0

86.7 ± 12.7*

106 ± 36.9

93.0 ± 23.7*

TG/HDL-ratio

5.1 ± 3.2

3.4 ± 2.7*

4.3 ± 2.9

3.2 ± 2.5*

4.4 ± 2.9

3.9 ± 3.2*

Serum creatinine (μmol/l)

102 ± 24.1

91.8 ± 13.1*

93.9 ± 16.2

91.4 ± 12.9*

91.9 ± 17.3

92.2 ± 15.9

Creatinine clearance (ml/min)

73.8 ± 19.5

90.7 ± 22.9*

91.0 ± 23.1

90.1 ± 21.8

94.3 ± 22.3

96.3 ± 25.4

eGFR (ml/min per 1.73m²)

67.5 ± 13.7

80.3 ± 13.5*

76.5 ± 12.9

81.6 ± 13.2*

68.9 ± 7.9

80.7 ± 12.5*

Tea intake (ml/d)

784 ± 601

605 ± 579*

690 ± 649

593 ± 587*

585 ± 595

567 ± 544

Coffee intake (ml/d)

12.5 ± 51.5

14.2 ± 62.6

9.9 ± 33.0

15.6 ± 72.0

12.0 ± 31.7

14.6 ± 59.7

Caffeine intake (mg/d)

162 ± 121

129 ± 115*

144 ± 129

126 ± 115*

125 ± 122

122 ± 110