Tea, coffee, caffeine intake and the risk of cardio-metabolic outcomes: findings from a population with low coffee and high tea consumption

Table 3 The risk of cardio-renal outcomes across tertiles of tea intakes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Tea	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3	P for trend	Each cup/d
CVD^a	(< 250 ml/day)	(250–750 ml/day)	(> 750 ml/day)
Crude	1.00	1.19 (0.60–2.35)	2.37 (1.40–4.01)*	0.001	1.04 (1.01–1.07)
Model 1	1.00	1.28 (0.64–2.57)	2.52 (1.45–4.36)*	0.001	1.04 (1.01–1.07)
Model 2	1.00	1.30 (0.64–2.61)	2.45 (1.40–4.29)*	0.001	1.04 (1.00–1.07)*
HTN^b	(< 250 ml/day)	(250–750 ml/day)	(> 750 ml/day)
Crude	1.00	0.80 (0.56–1.15)	1.44 (1.09–1.91)*	0.003	1.03 (1.01–1.06)*
Model 1	1.00	0.83 (0.56–1.21)	1.09 (0.81–1.48)	0.39	1.01 (0.98–1.04)
Model 2	1.00	0.82 (0.56–1.21)	1.09 (0.80–1.49)	0.38	1.01 (0.98–1.04)
CKD^c	(< 250 ml/day)	(250–750 ml/day)	(> 750 ml/day)
Crude	1.00	0.93 (0.67–1.28)	0.97 (0.74–1.28)	0.87	1.01 (0.98–1.04)
Model 1	1.00	0.89 (0.64–1.25)	0.92 (0.69–1.23)	0.74	1.01 (0.98–1.04)
Model 2	1.00	0.89 (0.63–1.24)	0.92 (0.68–1.25)	0.78	1.01 (0.98–1.04)

Data are hazard ratio (95% CI); proportional hazard Cox regression and logistic regression were used. CI confidence interval, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, HTN hypertension
Median of tea intake in the first, second and third tertile was 250, 500 and 1000 ml/day, respectively
^aModel 1 was adjusted for CVD risk score; model 2 was additionally adjusted for coffee (ml/day), dietary fat (g/d), fiber (g/d) and total energy (kcal/d)
^bModel 1 was adjusted for sex, age, BMI, TGs to HDL-C ratio; model 2 was additionally adjusted for coffee (ml/day), total energy intake (kcal/d)
^cModel 1 was adjusted for sex, age, BMI, TGs to HDL-C ratio, and smoking; model 2 was additionally adjusted for coffee (ml/day), dietary fat (g/d), fiber (g/d) and total energy (kcal/d)
*P < 0.05

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