Compound | Source | In vivo/vitro | Dose/Duration | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonol | |||||
 Quercetin | Onion-peel | C57BL/6 mice, 3 T3-L1 adipocytes | 5 mg/g diet, 8 W 0-240 μM | AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α↑ | [24] |
 Quercetin | Onion peel | HFD-induced metabolic Syndrome | 0.8 mg/g diet | Nrf2/HO-1↑, NF-kB↓, attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation | [25] |
 Quercetin | Onion peel | HFD-fed mice | 1 mg/g, 12 W | AMPK /Sirt1 pathway | [26] |
 Quercetin (Q) and Resveratrol (RSV) |  | HFD-induced obese Rats | 15 + 30 mg/kg 6 W | perirenal WAT and interscapular BAT UCP-1↑ | [27] |
 Quercetin | Onion peel | HFD-fed mice | 1 mg/g, 12 W | sWAT browning and TG↓ | [28] |
 Quercetin | Onion peel | 3 T3-L1 adipocytes | 10, 50, and 100 μM | AMPK pathway, ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation | [29] |
 Isorhamnetin | Metabolite of quercetin | 3 T3-L1 adipocyte ob/ob mice | 12.5 to 50 μM 10 mg/g, 4 W | PPARγ↓ | [30] |
 Quercetin-rich onion peel extract | Onion peel | 3 T3-L1 adipocyte | 1to 50 μg/ml | PPARγ and C/EBPα↓, aP2 and LPL↓ | [31] |
 Rutin | Mulberry | Db/Db and HFD-fed mice, C3H10T1/2 cells | 1 mg/ml in water, 10 W10 μM | Sirt1/PGC-1α/Τfam↑ | [19] |
 Rutin | Mulberry | HFD-induced obesity C57BL/6 mice | 50 mg/kg, 8 W | PGC-1α↑ | [32] |
Anthocyanins | |||||
 Cy-3-G |  | db/db mice | 1 mg/ml in water, 16 W | UCP1, Sirt1 and PGC-1α, PPARα | [33] |
 Cy-3-G | Mulberry | HFC-fed C57BL/6 J mice, C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells | 200 mg/kg, 8 W 100, 200 μg/ml | PGC-1α, FGF21, eNAMPT | [34] |
 Cy-3-G |  | 3 T3-L1 adipocytes | 20–100 μM | AMPK, cAMP-C/EBPβ↑ | [35] |
 Mulberry extract Cy-3-G | Mulberry | C3H10T1/2 MSCs | 10 μg/ml | p38AMPK–PGC-1α-PRDM16 | [36] |
Flavan-3-ols | |||||
 Flavan-3-ol | Cocoa | ICR mice | 10 mg/kg diet, 2 to 20 h | AMPK/ PGC-1α↑ | [37] |
 Flavan-3-ol fraction | Cocoa | C57BL/J mice | 50 mg/g, 2 W | PGC-1α/UCP-1↑MCAD | [38] |
 Flavan-3-ol fraction | Cocoa | HFD-fed Wistar rats | 2 mg/g diet, 4 W | β-oxidation-related enzymes and UCP-1↑ | [39] |
 Catechins | Tea | HFD-fed SD rats | 5 mg/g diet, 5 W | BAT and UCP1↑ | [40] |
 Theaflavins | Black tea | ICR mice | 10 ml/kg, 2 to 20 h | AMPK/PGC-1α↑ | [41] |
 Oolong,blackandpu-erh | Tea | ICR mice | 2 g/100 ml drink for 7 days | AMPK/UCP-1↑, PPARγ and C/EBPα↓ | [42] |
 Catechins | Green tea | HFD-fed SD rats, | 100 mg/kg/d, 30 Days | PPARγ increased in sWAT and decreased in vWAT, PPARδ↑ | [43] |
 Green tea extract | Green tea | SD rats | 50 mg/kg, 24 h | NA-cAMP axis | [44] |
  (−)-epicatechin | Cacao | HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice, Human adipocytes | 1 mg/g diet, 15days100nM | Mitochondrial biogenesis and fat browning | [45] |
Flavones | |||||
 Chrysin | Flowers, honeycombs, and mushrooms | 3 T3-L1 adipocytes | 50 μM | AMPK/PGC-1α/UCP-1 | [46] |
 Luteolin | Pepper, celery, thyme, peppermint | HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice | 0.1 mg/g diet, 12 W | AMPK/PGC-1α signaling↑ | [20] |
 Nobiletin | Citrus fruits | 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and HIB1B brown adipocytes | 100 μM | AMPK/PGC-1α and Sirt1 | [47] |
 Sudachitin | Sudachi | C57BL/6 and db/db mice | 5 mg/kg, 4 and 12 weeks | Sirt1–PGC-1α | [48] |
Flavanones | |||||
 G-hesperidin | Peel of fruits | Wistar rats | 60 mg/ml in water | BAT-SNA↑, CASNA↓ | [49] |
 Naringenin |  | HFD-fed Ldlr(−/−) mice | 10,30 mg/g, 4 W | PGC-1α/ PPARα | [50] |
 Citrus aurantium flavonoids | Hesperidin, Naringenin, and Nobiletin | 3 T3-L1 adipocytes | 0, 10, or 50 μg/ml | Akt/PPARγ and C/EBPα↓ | [51] |
 Naringenin |  | Long-Evans hooded rats | 0.03 to 0.12 mg/g, 6 W | PPARα↑ | [52] |
Isoflavones | |||||
 Isoflavones | Soy | Male SD rats | 0.5 or 4 g/kg, 2 W | UCP, PPARα↑ | [53] |
 Isoflavones | Soy food products | Long-Evans rats | 600 mg/g diet, 33, 55 or 75 days of age | BNP Y↑, Thyroid↑, leptin and insulin↓ | [54] |
 Genistein | Soyabeans | 3 T3-L1 adipocytes | 100 μM | C/EBPβ, PGC-1α, Sirt1↑ | [55] |
 Daidzein | Soy isoflavones | HFD-fed Rats | 50 mg/kg, 2 W | PPARγ and SCD1↓ | [56] |
Flavonolignan | |||||
 Silibinin | Milk thistle | Human ACS | 10 μM | Sirt1, PPARα, PGC-1α↑ | [21] |
Proanthocyanidins | |||||
 Proanthocyanidins | Fruits, berries, beans, nuts, cocoa and wine | Wistar rats fed with a cafeteria diet | 25 and 50 mg/kg diet, 4 months | Sirt1 and PGC-1α↑ | [57] |
 Proanthocyanidin extracts | Chinese bayberry | HFD-fed obese SD rat | 4, 26, 53%, 4 W | Sirt1, BMP4↑, C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ↓ | [58] |
 Proanthocyanidin |  | Wistar rats | 250 mg/kg | PGC-1α↑ | [59] |
 Flavangenol | French martima pine bark | HFD-fed Wister rats | 3 μg intraduodenal injection, 60 min | BAT-SNA↑ | [60] |
 Procyanidin | Cacao liquor | HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice | 5, 20 mg/g diet, 13 W | AMPKα/GLUT4/ PGC-1α↑ | [61] |
Xanthohumol | |||||
 Xanthohumol-rich hop extrac | Humulus lupulus L | 3 T3-L1 adipocytes | 10, 25 μg/ml | PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, aP2↓ | [62] |
 Xanthohumol | Humulus lupulus L | 3 T3-L1 adipocytes | 0 to 100 μM | PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, aP2↓, apoptosis↑ | [63] |
 Matured Hop Bittering Components |  | HFD-fed C57BL/6 J mice Wistar rats | 0 to 2 mg/kg, 9 W 2 or 10 mg/kg, 90 min | BAT-SNA, PGC-1α, PRDM16, PPARγ↑ | [64] |
Plant Extract Mixture | |||||
 Black soybean seed coat extract | Black soybean | Male C57BL/6 mice | 0 to2 mg/g diet 14 weeks | UCP1↑in BAT and WAT; TNF-α and MCP-1↓. | [65] |
 Extract of kumquat | Citrus fruits | HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice | 10 mg/kg, 8 weeks, 3 months | PPARα↑ | [66] |
 Puerariae flower extract | Kudzu flower | HFD-fed C57BL/6 J mice | 50 mg/kg, 13.55 mg/kg ISOF, 6 W | UCP1↑in BAT | [67] |
 Olive Leaf Extract | Oleuropein | Human ASCs | 0.27 and 0.37 mg/ml | Sirt1, PPARα, PGC-1α↑ | [68] |
 E. cava polyphenol extract | Brown alga Ecklonia cava | HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice | 100, 500 mg/kg/day 12 W | AMPK, PGC-1α, Sirt1↑ | [69] |