Table 4 The changes in BMI, WC, serum nesfatin-1, glucose indices, and lipid profile in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Variables | Supplement | Baseline Mean | End Mean | P-value$ | Mean Changes (95% CI) | P-value# | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | Treatment | Interaction | ||||||
BMI | Caraway (n = 27) | 28.77(3.77) | 28.32(4.06) | <  0.01 | −0.45 (0.16, 0.72) | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.02 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 29.19(3.27) | 29.42(3.28) | 0.38 | 0.23 (−.80, 0.30) | 0.83 | 0.54 | 0.04 | |
WC (cm) | Caraway (n = 27) | 100.32(7.06) | 99.04(7.41) | <  0.01 | −1.28 (0.49, 2.06) | 0.01 | 0.79 | 0.04 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 100.35(8.45) | 100.21(8.29) | 0.73 | −0.13 (−0.67, 0.94) | 0.22 | 0.60 | 0.12 | |
FBG (mg/dl) | Caraway (n = 27) | 175.38(69.89) | 142.65(53.84) | < 0.01 | −32.73 (13.67, 51.79) | 0.04 | 0.32 | < 0.01 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 174.04(52.30) | 178.95(73.49) | 0.57 | 4.90 (−22.70, 12.90) | 0.16 | 0.82 | 0.02 | |
FBI (μIU/ml) | Caraway (n = 27) | 9.39(6.77) | 5.59(2.50) | 0.03 | −3.79 (0.33, 7.25) | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.15 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 11.63(7.51) | 12.03(8.98) | 0.87 | 0.40 (−5.35, 4.55) | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.05 | |
HOMA-IR | Caraway (n = 27) | 4.21(3.72) | 2.27(1.32) | 0.04 | −1.94 (0.91, 3.78) | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 4.98(3.11) | 5.16(4.68) | 0.87 | 0.18 (−2.48, 2.12) | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.02 | |
QUICKI | Caraway (n = 27) | 0.45(0.01) | 0.47(0.03) | 0.01 | 0.02 (−.03, 0.0) | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.03 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 0.44(0.01) | 0.45(0.03) | 0.76 | 0.01 (−.04, 0.1) | 0.05 | 0.43 | 0.05 | |
TC (mg/dl) | Caraway (n = 27) | 159.04(36.78) | 159.50(37.06) | 0.94 | 0.46 (−13.34, 12.42) | 0.45 | 0.79 | 0.51 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 152.62(48.96) | 159.95(45.22) | 0.4 | 7.33 (−24.92, 10.26) | 0.88 | 0.57 | 0.93 | |
TG (mg/dl) | Caraway (n = 27) | 163.34(117.15) | 175.27(121.37) | 0.39 | −11.92 (−39.92, 16.08) | 0.14 | 0.94 | 0.86 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 164.23(82.37) | 179.29(100.35) | 0.19 | 15.04 (−38.13, 8.03) | 0.26 | 0.92 | 0.82 | |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | Caraway (n = 27) | 81.34(27.61) | 82.57(27.67) | 0.84 | 1.22 (−13.74, 11.29) | 0.64 | 0.86 | 0.46 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 83.27(29.58) | 77.78(39.33) | 0.42 | −5.49 (−8.50, 19.49) | 0.94 | 0.48 | 0.12 | |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | Caraway (n = 27) | 44.96(11.99) | 44.19(11.22) | 0.52 | −0.77 (−1.66, 3.20) | 0.89 | 0.70 | 0.35 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 42.95(7.65) | 44.00(9.22) | 0.52 | 1.04 (−4.36, 2.27) | 0.67 | 0.84 | 0.33 | |
Nesfatin-1 (ng/ml) | Caraway (n = 27) | 4.37(1.65) | 6.14(3.38) | 0.02 | 1.77 (−3.24, 0.29) | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.59 |
Placebo (n = 25) | 5.46(2.14) | 6.64(3.86) | 0.17 | 1.18 (−2.90, 0.54) | 0.23 | 0.67 | 0.79 | |