Table 1 Characteristics of the GDM and NGT groups in both the second and third trimesters
Characteristics | Participants in the second trimester | Participants in the third trimester | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDM (n = 200) | NGT (n = 200) | P | GDM (n = 130) | NGT (n = 130) | P | |
Age (years) | 32 (29, 35) | 32 (29, 35) | 0.906 | 31 (29, 34) | 31 (29, 33) | 0.897 |
SBP (mmhg) | 109.83 ± 10.14 | 106 (101, 113) | 0.005 | |||
DBP (mmhg) | 67.44 ± .80 | 65 (61, 71) | 0.022 | |||
Pregestational BMI (kg/m2) | 21.32 ± 2.59 | 21.26 ± 2.52 | 0.343 | 21.19 ± 2.29 | 21.06 ± 2.15 | 0.695 |
Normal weight, n (%) | 171 (85.5) | 173 (86.5) | 112 (86.15) | 118(90.77) | ||
Overweight, n (%) | 24 (12) | 23 (11.5) | 0.93 | 18 (13.85) | 12 (9.23) | 0.24 |
Obesity, n (%) | 5 (2.5) | 4 (2) | 0 | 0 | ||
Changes of BMI (kg/m2) | 2.69 ± 1.23 | 2.70 ± 1.23 | 0.792 | 5.15 ± 1.66 | 5.78 ± 1.35 | 0.001 |
Previous history of GDM, n (%) | 19 (9.5) | 1 (0.5) | < 0.001 | 12 (9.23) | 3 (2.31) | 0.017 |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 48 (24) | 5 (2.5) | < 0.001 | 37 (18.5) | 23 (11.5) | 0.039 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 26 (25, 27) | 25 (25, 26) | 0.498 | 37 (36, 37) | 36 (36, 37) | 0.024 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.20 (5.00, 5.40) | 5.10 (5.00, 5.30) | 0.003 | 5.40 (5.20, 5.60) | 5.20 (5.00, 5.40) | < 0.001 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 4.64 ± 0.53 | 4.36 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 | 4.70 ± 0.54 | 4.37 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 |
1h-PG (mmol/L) | 9.88 ± 1.32 | 7.45 ± 1.24 | < 0.001 | 9.71 ± 1.61 | 7.16 ± 1.43 | < 0.001 |
2h-PG (mmol/L) | 9.07 ± 1.24 | 6.66 ± 0.98 | < 0.001 | 8.55 ± 1.42 | 6.34 ± 1.01 | < 0.001 |
AUCG (mmol/L h) | 16.74 ± 1.72 | 12.97 ± 1.56 | < 0.001 | 16.33 ± 2.07 | 12.52 ± 1.77 | < 0.001 |
Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 6.79 (4.75, 10.78) | 5.37 (3.73, 7.77) | 0.001 | |||
HOMA-IR | 1.38 (0.95,2.21) | 1.05 (0.71,1.53) | < 0.001 | |||
HOMA-β | 134.07 (88.68,206.35) | 123.20 (81.80,215.58) | 0.522 | |||