Table 1 General characteristics of study participants by breakfast consumption
Characteristics | Regular breakfast, n (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
Total | 11,952 (56.4) | 9241 (43.6) | |
Sex | 0.1100 | ||
Men | 5031 (42.1) | 3991 (43.2) | |
Women | 6921 (57.9) | 5250 (56.8) | |
Age | <.0001 | ||
20–39 | 2775 (23.2) | 4544 (49.2) | |
40–59 | 9177 (76.8) | 4697 (50.8) | |
Education | <.0001 | ||
Middle school | 3671 (30.7) | 1707 (18.5) | |
High school | 3878 (32.5) | 3435 (37.2) | |
College or more | 4403 (36.8) | 4099 (44.4) | |
Household income | <.0001 | ||
1st Quartile | 942 (7.9) | 821 (8.9) | |
2nd Quartile | 2707 (22.7) | 2278 (24.6) | |
3rd Quartile | 3785 (31.7) | 3086 (33.4) | |
4th Quartile | 4518 (37.8) | 3056 (33.1) | |
Smoking | <.0001 | ||
None | 8636 (72.3) | 5856 (63.4) | |
Past | 1754 (14.7) | 1304 (14.1) | |
Current | 1562 (13.1) | 2081 (22.5) | |
Drinking | <.0001 | ||
None | 4122 (34.6) | 2105 (22.8) | |
Moderate | 6743 (56.5) | 5829 (63.1) | |
Severe | 1062 (8.9) | 1300 (14.1) | |
Physical activity | 0.0008 | ||
No or unknown | 7304 (61.1) | 5438 (58.9) | |
Yes | 4648 (38.9) | 3803 (41.2) | |
Working | <.0001 | ||
No | 7042 (58.9) | 4754 (51.4) | |
Yes | 4910 (41.1) | 4487 (48.6) | |
Abdominal obesity | 0.4420 | ||
No | 9601 (80.3) | 7384 (79.9) | |
Yes | 2351 (19.7) | 1857 (20.1) | |
Raised blood pressure | <.0001 | ||
No | 8954 (74.9) | 7305 (79.1) | |
Yes | 2998 (25.1) | 1936 (20.9) | |
Raised fasting glucose | <.0001 | ||
No | 8932 (74.7) | 7128 (77.1) | |
Yes | 3020 (25.3) | 2113 (22.9) | |
Increased TG | 0.0195 | ||
No | 8674 (72.6) | 6839 (74.1) | |
Yes | 3278 (27.4) | 2402 (26.9) | |
Decreased HDL-C | <.0001 | ||
No | 7877 (65.9) | 6428 (69.6) | |
Yes | 4075 (34.1) | 2813 (30.4) | |
Metabolic syndrome | <.0001 | ||
No | 9523 (79.7) | 7617 (82.4) | |
Yes | 2429 (20.3) | 1624 (17.6) | |