|
Characteristics
|
Regular breakfast, n (%)
|
p-value
|
|---|
|
Yes
|
No
|
|---|
|
Total
|
11,952 (56.4)
|
9241 (43.6)
| |
|
Sex
| |
0.1100
|
|
Men
|
5031 (42.1)
|
3991 (43.2)
| |
|
Women
|
6921 (57.9)
|
5250 (56.8)
| |
|
Age
| |
<.0001
|
|
20–39
|
2775 (23.2)
|
4544 (49.2)
| |
|
40–59
|
9177 (76.8)
|
4697 (50.8)
| |
|
Education
| |
<.0001
|
|
Middle school
|
3671 (30.7)
|
1707 (18.5)
| |
|
High school
|
3878 (32.5)
|
3435 (37.2)
| |
|
College or more
|
4403 (36.8)
|
4099 (44.4)
| |
|
Household income
| |
<.0001
|
|
1st Quartile
|
942 (7.9)
|
821 (8.9)
| |
|
2nd Quartile
|
2707 (22.7)
|
2278 (24.6)
| |
|
3rd Quartile
|
3785 (31.7)
|
3086 (33.4)
| |
|
4th Quartile
|
4518 (37.8)
|
3056 (33.1)
| |
|
Smoking
| |
<.0001
|
|
None
|
8636 (72.3)
|
5856 (63.4)
| |
|
Past
|
1754 (14.7)
|
1304 (14.1)
| |
|
Current
|
1562 (13.1)
|
2081 (22.5)
| |
|
Drinking
| |
<.0001
|
|
None
|
4122 (34.6)
|
2105 (22.8)
| |
|
Moderate
|
6743 (56.5)
|
5829 (63.1)
| |
|
Severe
|
1062 (8.9)
|
1300 (14.1)
| |
|
Physical activity
| | |
0.0008
|
|
No or unknown
|
7304 (61.1)
|
5438 (58.9)
| |
|
Yes
|
4648 (38.9)
|
3803 (41.2)
| |
|
Working
| |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
7042 (58.9)
|
4754 (51.4)
| |
|
Yes
|
4910 (41.1)
|
4487 (48.6)
| |
|
Abdominal obesity
| |
0.4420
|
|
No
|
9601 (80.3)
|
7384 (79.9)
| |
|
Yes
|
2351 (19.7)
|
1857 (20.1)
| |
|
Raised blood pressure
| |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
8954 (74.9)
|
7305 (79.1)
| |
|
Yes
|
2998 (25.1)
|
1936 (20.9)
| |
|
Raised fasting glucose
| |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
8932 (74.7)
|
7128 (77.1)
| |
|
Yes
|
3020 (25.3)
|
2113 (22.9)
| |
|
Increased TG
| |
0.0195
|
|
No
|
8674 (72.6)
|
6839 (74.1)
| |
|
Yes
|
3278 (27.4)
|
2402 (26.9)
| |
|
Decreased HDL-C
| |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
7877 (65.9)
|
6428 (69.6)
| |
|
Yes
|
4075 (34.1)
|
2813 (30.4)
| |
|
Metabolic syndrome
| |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
9523 (79.7)
|
7617 (82.4)
| |
|
Yes
|
2429 (20.3)
|
1624 (17.6)
| |
- Abdominal obesity: WC > 90 cm for male, WC > 80 cm for female (Asian modified)
- Raised blood pressure: Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg, Diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg, or pharmacologic treatment for hypertension
- Raised fasting plasma glucose: Plasma fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or pharmacologic treatment for diabetes
- Increased triglyceride(TG): Plasma triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL or pharmacologic treatment for dyslipidemia
- Decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C): Plasma HDL-C < 40 mg/dL for male, Plasma-HDL-C < 50 mg/dL for female or pharmacologic treatment for dyslipidemia
- Metabolic syndrome: Three or more of the above traits (NCEP-ATP III Criteria)
