Table 2 Association between milk consumption and mortality and cardiovascular disease
Outcomes | First author | Year | Types | No. of studies in MA | Type of studies in MA | No. of cases/total | Effects mode | Metric of MA | Effect size | 95% CI | I2% | Publication bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality | ||||||||||||
Significant associations | ||||||||||||
CHD mortality | Mazidi | 2018 | Milk | 3 | Cohort | 18,927/105,528 | Random | RR | 1.04 | 1.02–1.06 | 10.4 | NA |
PC mortality | Lu | 2016 | Milk | NA | Cohort | NA | Random | RR | 1.50 | 1.03–2.17 | NA | NA |
PC mortality | Lu | 2016 | Milk | NA | Cohort | NA | Random | RRa | 1.43 | 1.13–1.81 | NA | NA |
Non-significant associations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
CVD mortality | O'Sullivan | 2013 | Milk | 7 | Cohort | 17,455/338,421 | Random | RR | 0.96 | 0.81–1.13 | 22.8 | NA |
All-cancer mortality | Lu | 2016 | Milk | NA | Cohort | NA | Random | RR | 0.97 | 0.92–1.03 | 8.4 | 0.95 |
All-cause mortality | Mazidi | 2018 | Milk | 3 | Cohort | 23,324/63,390 | Random | RR | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 8.3 | NA |
PC mortality | Lu | 2016 | Skim/low-fat milk | NA | Cohort | NA | Random | RR | 1.00 | 0.75–1.33 | NA | NA |
Total mortality | Mullie | 2016 | Milk | 11 | Cohort | 63,545/281,788 | Random | RRa | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 94 | 0.64 |
Cardiovascular outcomes | ||||||||||||
Significant associations | ||||||||||||
Stroke | de Goede | 2016 | Milk | 14 | Cohort | 25,269/603,920 | Random | RRb | 0.93 | 0.88–0.98 | 86 | 0.06 |
CVD | Soedamah-M | 2011 | Milk | 4 | Cohort | 2283/13,518 | Random | RRb | 0.94 | 0.89–0.99 | 0 | NA |
Hypertension | Soedamah-M | 2012 | Milk | 7 | Cohort | 14,398/47,647 | Random | RRb | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | NA | NA |
Stroke | de Goede | 2016 | High-fat milk | 4 | Cohort | 5942/159,547 | Random | RRb | 1.04 | 1.02–1.06 | 0 | NA |
Non-significant associations | ||||||||||||
Arterial Stiffness | Diez-F | 2019 | Milk | 4 | Cross-sectional | NA/15,553 | Random | NA | 0.02 | -0.01–0.05 | 0 | NA |
Stroke | Gholami | 2017 | Milk | 10 | Cohort | 22,946/440,397 | Random | RR | 0.91 | 0.81–1.01 | 71.4 | 0.45 |
Stroke | de Goede | 2016 | Low-fat milk | 4 | Cohort | 5942/159,547 | Random | RRb | 0.96 | 0.90–1.03 | 68.2 | NA |
CVD | Guo | 2017 | Milk | 9 | Cohort/case control | 21,580/249,779 | Random | RR | 1.01 | 0.93–1.10 | 92.4 | No |
CHD | Gholami | 2017 | Milk | 9 | Cohort | 4866/212,767 | Random | RR | 1.05 | 0.96–1.15 | 0 | 0.6 |