Table 5 The urinary biomarkers of participants

Volume

1664 (522)*

1740 (732)*

1727 (720)*

1268 (371)^†

1082 (326)^†

1176 (345)^†

853 (188)^‡

712 (301)^‡

777 (265)^‡

Osmolality (mOsm/kg)

430 (86)*

382 (146)*

406 (120)*

685 (141)^†

616 (158)^†

662 (156)^†

879 (132)^‡

872 (84)^‡

875 (94)^‡

USG (urine specific gravity)

1.013 (0.003)*

1.012 (0.003)*

1.012 (0.002)*

1.017 (0.003)^†

1.015 (0.002)

1.015 (0.003)^†

1.022 (0.006)^‡

1.018 (0.002)^‡

1.021 (0.005)^‡

pH

6.7 (0.3)

6.8 (0.5)

6.7 (0.5)

6.7 (0.3)

6.8 (0.4)

6.7 (0.3)

6.7 (0.4)

6.8 (0.2)

6.7 (0.3)

Na (mmol/L)

147 (78)*

118 (59)*

124 (55)*

227 (81)

169 (66)

201 (95)^†

226 (162)

234 (102)

229 (130)^‡

K (mmol/L)

24.1 (14.8)*

23.9 (10.3)*

24.0 (10.6)*

39.8 (11.8)

34.3 (16.6)^†

37.8 (14.7)^†

51.0 (20.5)^‡

48.8 (11.4)^‡

48.9 (16.9)^‡

Cl (mmol/L)

141 (75)*

119 (50)*

121 (51)*

228 (82)

163 (70)

200 (92)^†

227 (164)

220 (92)

226 (136)^‡

Ca (mmol/L)

1.54 (1.02)*

1.47 (1.06)*

1.48 (0.93)*

2.43 (1.44)

2.21 (1.19)

2.35 (1.21)^†

4.70 (2.83)

3.39 (1.94)

3.73 (2.21)^‡

Mg (mmol/L)

1.77 (1.08)*

1.76 (0.84)*

1.77 (0.91)*

2.73 (1.17)^†

2.83 (1.02)^†

2.75 (1.07)^†

3.37 (1.29)^‡

3.63 (0.66)^‡

3.52 (0.94)^‡

Phosphate (mmol/L)

11.10 (3.46)*

9.63 (4.43)*

10.36 (4.79)*

17.56 (6.94)^†

14.83 (3.74)^†

16.63 (6.09)^†

26.47 (4.40)^‡

20.46 (9.07)^‡

25.41 (7.43)^‡

Creatinine (mmol/L)

7.78 (2.97)*

5.38 (2.29)*

5.95 (2.77)*

11.15 (4.17)^†

8.88 (2.31)^†

10.04 (3.60)^†

15.01 (4.48)^‡

11.62 (3.79)^‡

13.79 (4.90)^‡

Uric acid (mmol/L)

1.63 (0.60)*

1.55 (0.72)*

1.59 (0.66)*

2.80 (0.83)^†

2.50 (0.69)^†

2.71 (0.80)^†

3.70 (1.33)^‡

3.72 (1.07)^‡

3.71 (1.25)^‡

Urea (mmol/L)

161 (69)*

131 (52)*

145 (52)*

258 (86)^†

193 (81)^†

231 (92)^†

337 (82)^‡

287 (52)^‡

327 (76)^‡