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Table 5 Fecal contents of sterols and lipids at week 12 in ApoE−/− mice

From: Hawthorn fruit extract reduced trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-exacerbated atherogenesis in mice via anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation

 

LFD

WD

WD + TMAO

WD + TMAO + L-HFE

WD + TMAO + H-HFE

p value

p for dose effect

Week 12 fecal neutral sterols (mg/d)

       

 Coprostanol

0.01 ± 0.00c

0.39 ± 0.07b

0.44 ± 0.15b

0.70 ± 0.21a

0.61 ± 0.12a

< 0.001

0.123

 Coprostanone

0.01 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.02

0.09 ± 0.10

0.16 ± 0.16

0.10 ± 0.13

0.105

0.921

 Cholesterol

0.09 ± 0.03c

0.53 ± 0.25b

0.38 ± 0.32bc

0.69 ± 0.35b

1.13 ± 0.56a

< 0.001

0.006

 Dihydrocholesterol

0.02 ± 0.01c

0.05 ± 0.01ab

0.04 ± 0.02b

0.05 ± 0.02ab

0.06 ± 0.02a

0.001

0.064

 Total neutral sterols

0.12 ± 0.03c

0.99 ± 0.19b

0.95 ± 0.28b

1.60 ± 0.41a

1.90 ± 0.41a

< 0.001

 < 0.001

Week 12 fecal acidic sterols (mg/d)

       

 Lithocholic acid

0.24 ± 0.02c

0.74 ± 0.24bc

0.66 ± 0.21bc

1.25 ± 0.34ab

1.61 ± 0.55a

0.003

0.016

 Deoxycholic acid

0.40 ± 0.06b

0.80 ± 0.35a

0.46 ± 0.12b

0.59 ± 0.05ab

0.57 ± 0.01ab

0.101

0.119

 Chenodeoxycholic acid

0.17 ± 0.04c

0.54 ± 0.16a

0.30 ± 0.07bc

0.40 ± 0.03ab

0.31 ± 0.03bc

0.003

0.807

 Cholic acid

0.31 ± 0.12b

0.97 ± 0.21a

0.39 ± 0.15b

0.51 ± 0.28b

0.45 ± 0.05b

0.008

0.693

 Total acidic sterols

1.11 ± 0.22c

3.05 ± 0.84a

1.81 ± 0.47bc

2.75 ± 0.36ab

2.94 ± 0.62a

0.006

0.028

Week 12 fecal lipids (mg/d)

       

 Total SFAs

0.59 ± 0.08b

7.04 ± 1.02a

7.08 ± 0.46a

6.76 ± 1.76a

8.20 ± 2.55a

< 0.001

0.471

 Total MUFAs

0.21 ± 0.03b

0.78 ± 0.11a

0.76 ± 0.05a

0.84 ± 0.24a

1.04 ± 0.49a

< 0.001

0.162

 Total PUFAs

0.10 ± 0.01c

0.20 ± 0.03b

0.19 ± 0.01b

0.21 ± 0.04b

0.28 ± 0.10a

< 0.001

0.176

 Total FAs

0.90 ± 0.12b

8.02 ± 1.15a

8.04 ± 0.51a

7.81 ± 2.03a

9.52 ± 3.13a

< 0.001

0.411

  1. Mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD), a Western diet (WD), or one of the three WDs containing 0.2% TMAO (WD + TMAO), 0.2% TMAO plus 1% hawthorn fruit extract (WD + TMAO + L-HFE), or 0.2% TMAO plus 2% hawthorn fruit extract (WD + TMAO + H-HFE) for 12 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 8
  2. SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; FA, fatty acid
  3. a,b,cMeans in the same row with different letters differ significantly at p < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA. p for dose effect was analyzed using ordinary linear regression across WD + TMAO, WD + TMAO + L-HFE, and WD + TMAO + H-HFE groups