Table 3 Individuals with micronutrient intakes below dietary reference values
Riksmaten Adults | Malmö Diet and Cancer Study | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Added Sugar Intake (%E) | Added Sugar Intake (%E) | |||||||||||||||
DRVsa | < 5% | 5–7.5% | 7.5–10% | 10–15% | 15–20% | > 20% | p-trendsb | DRVs(1) | < 5% | 5–7.5% | 7.5–10% | 10–15% | 15–20% | > 20% | p-trendsb | |
Average Requirements (ARs)c | ||||||||||||||||
Males | ||||||||||||||||
Calcium | 500 mg/day | 22 (16.8%) | 17 (9.9%) | 14 (8.4%) | 17 (7.4%) | 7 (9.0%) | 4 (28.6%) | 0.083 | 500 mg/day | 20 (3.8%) | 16 (1.6%) | 15 (1.0%) | 23 (1.3%) | 12 (2.4%) | 10 (6.6%) | 0.896 |
Folate | 200 μg/day | 41 (31.3%) | 46 (26.7%) | 28 (16.9%) | 42 (18.2%) | 21 (26.9%) | 7 (50.0%) | 0.112 | 200 μg/day | 103 (19.6%) | 204 (19.8%) | 229 (15.9%) | 335 (18.5%) | 105 (20.8%) | 48 (31.8%) | 0.179 |
Iron | 7 mg/day | 19 (14.5%) | 12 (7.0%) | 10 (6.0%) | 10 (4.3%) | 10 (12.8%) | 3 (21.4%) | 0.232 | 7 mg/day | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.1%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.536 |
Selenium | 35 μg/day | 37 (28.2%) | 37 (21.5%) | 31 (18.7%) | 60 (26.0%) | 22 (28.2%) | 9 (64.3%) | 0.238 | 35 μg/day | 125 (23.8%) | 276 (26.8%) | 405 (28.1%) | 578 (31.9%) | 196 (38.7%) | 95 (62.9%) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin C | 60 mg/day | 59 (45.0%) | 52 (30.2%) | 53 (31.9%) | 65 (28.1%) | 25 (32.1%) | 7 (50.0%) | 0.050 | 60 mg/day | 160 (30.5%) | 323 (31.4%) | 383 (26.5%) | 458 (5.2%) | 107 (21.1%) | 38 (25.2%) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin D | 7.5 μg/day | 88 (67.2%) | 106 (61.6%) | 101 (60.8%) | 140 (60.6%) | 53 (67.9%) | 11 (78.6%) | 0.942 | 7.5 μg/day | 152 (29.0%) | 287 (27.9%) | 360 (24.9%) | 488 (26.9%) | 193 (38.1%) | 81 (53.6%) | < 0.001 |
Zinc | 6 mg/day | 8 (6.1%) | 1 (0.6%) | 4 (2.4%) | 4 (1.7%) | 1 (1.3%) | 2 (14.3%) | 0.316 | 6 mg/day | 2 (0.4%) | 1(0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 5 (0.3%) | 4 (0.8%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.003 |
Females | ||||||||||||||||
Calcium | 500 mg/day | 25 (17.6%) | 27 (12.2%) | 24 (10.9%) | 27 (9.3%) | 13 (13.4%) | 6 (17.1%) | 0.195 | 500 mg/day | 12 (2.2%) | 20 (1.6%) | 20 (1.1%) | 36 (1.5%) | 10 (1.7%) | 9 (5.6%) | 0.369 |
Folate | 200 μg/day | 47 (33.1%) | 54 (24.4%) | 53 (24.1%) | 89 (30.7%) | 41 (42.3%) | 16 (45.7%) | 0.019 | 200 μg/day | 124 (23.1%) | 315 (25.0%) | 466 (26.3%) | 718 (29.5%) | 212 (35.3%) | 82 (50.9%) | < 0.001 |
Iron | 10 mg/day(4) | 103 (72.5%) | 132 (59.7%) | 134 (60.9%) | 177 (61.0%) | 65 (67.0%) | 23 (65.7%) | 0.475 | 6 mg/daye | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (2.5%) | 0.179 |
Selenium | 30 μg/day | 26 (18.3%) | 46 (20.8%) | 53 (24.1%) | 71 (24.5%) | 28 (28.9%) | 15 (42.9%) | 0.005 | 30 μg/day | 113 (21.1%) | 347 (27.5%) | 469 (26.4%) | 816 (33.5%) | 263 (43.8%) | 89 (55.3%) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin C | 50 mg/day | 34 (23.9%) | 38 (17.2%) | 39 (17.7%) | 53 (18.3%) | 19 (19.6%) | 12 (34.3%) | 0.908 | 50 mg/day | 40 (7.5%) | 109 (8.6%) | 197 (11.1%) | 238 (9.8%) | 75 (12.5%) | 23 (14.3%) | 0.007 |
Vitamin D | 7.5 μg/day | 90 (63.4%) | 149 (67.4%) | 150 (68.2%) | 209 (72.1%) | 77 (79.4%) | 30 (85.7%) | 0.001 | 7.5 μg/day | 259 (48.3%) | 643 (51.0%) | 926 (52.2%) | 1369 (56.2%) | 374 (62.2%) | 114 (70.8%) | < 0.001 |
Zinc | 5 mg/day | 8 (5.6%) | 4 (1.8%) | 5 (2.3%) | 10 (3.4%) | 6 (6.2%) | 4 (11.4%) | 0.212 | 5 mg/day | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 5 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.9%) | 0.027 |
Recommended Intake (RI) | ||||||||||||||||
Males | ||||||||||||||||
Calcium | 800 mg/day | 64 (48.9%) | 65 (37.8%) | 63 (38.0%) | 78 (33.8%) | 25 (32.1%) | 8 (57.1%) | 0.021 | 800 mg/day | 102(19.4%) | 162 (15.7%) | 200 (13.9%) | 235 (13.0%) | 78 (15.4%) | 45 (29.8%) | 0.301 |
Folate | 300 μg/day | 89 (67.9%) | 120 (69.8%) | 112 (67.5%) | 155 (67.1%) | 64 (82.1%) | 13 (92.9%) | 0.144 | 300 μg/day | 361 (68.8%) | 697 (67.7%) | 975 (67.6%) | 1269 (70.0%) | 373 (73.7%) | 134 (88.7%) | < 0.001 |
Iron | 9 mg/day | 49 (37.4%) | 49 (28.5%) | 33 (19.9%) | 49 (21.2%) | 29 (37.2%) | 10 (71.4%) | 0.429 | 9 mg/day | 4 (0.8%) | 10 (1.0%) | 9 (0.6%) | 6 (0.3%) | 6 (1.2%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.942 |
Magnesium | 350 mg/day | 75 (57.3%) | 85 (49.4%) | 70 (42.2%) | 97 (42.0%) | 35 (44.9%) | 11 (78.6%) | 0.050 | 350 mg/day | 180 (34.3%) | 300 (29.1%) | 423 (29.3%) | 542 (29.9%) | 165 (32.6%) | 70 (46.4%) | 0.266 |
Potassium | 3500 mg/day | 89 (67.9%) | 98 (57.0%) | 85 (51.2%) | 117 (50.6%) | 45 (57.7%) | 14 (100%) | 0.117 | 3500 mg/day | 199 (37.9%) | 400 (38.8%) | 551 (38.2%) | 756 (41.7%) | 232 (45.8%) | 91 (60.3%) | < 0.001 |
Selenium | 60 μg/day | 94 (71.8%) | 123 (71.5%) | 123 (74.1%) | 179 (77.5%) | 62 (79.5%) | 11 (78.6%) | 0.068 | 60 μg/day | 431 (82.1%) | 861 (83.6%) | 1264 (87.6%) | 1650 (91.0%) | 472 (93.3%) | 144 (95.4%) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin C | 75 mg/day | 71 (54.2%) | 73 (42.4%) | 74 (44.6%) | 98 (42.4%) | 38 (48.7%) | 8 (57.1%) | 0.396 | 75 mg/day | 225 (42.9%) | 481 (46.7%) | 580 (40.2%) | 718 (39.6%) | 158 (31.2%) | 49 (32.5%) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin D | 10 μg/dayf | 97 (74.0%) | 127 (73.8%) | 136 (81.9%) | 173 (74.9%) | 63 (80.8%) | 12 (85.7%) | 0.302 | 10 μg/dayf | 323 (61.5%) | 639 (62.0%) | 885 (61.3%) | 1170 (64.5%) | 363 (71.7%) | 127 (84.1%) | < 0.001 |
Zinc | 9 mg/day | 28 (21.4%) | 23 (13.4%) | 24 (14.5%) | 34 (14.7%) | 13 (16.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | 0.729 | 9 mg/day | 41 (7.8%) | 67 (6.5%) | 79 (5.5%) | 112 (6.2%) | 42 (8.3%) | 36 (23.8%) | 0.010 |
Females | ||||||||||||||||
Calcium | 800 mg/day | 88 (62.0%) | 103 (46.6%) | 109 (49.5%) | 145 (50.0%) | 47 (48.5%) | 17 (48.6%) | 0.160 | 800 mg/day | 101 (18.8%) | 230 (18.2%) | 304 (17.1%) | 439 (18.0%) | 123 (20.5%) | 44 (27.3%) | 0.161 |
Folate | 300 μg/dayg | 109 (76.8%) | 159 (71.9%) | 166 (75.5%) | 228 (78.6%) | 83 (85.6%) | 30 (85.7%) | 0.016 | 300 μg/dayg | 385 (71.8%) | 977 (77.5%) | 1424 (80.2%) | 2014 (82.7%) | 519 (86.4%) | 145 (90.1%) | < 0.001 |
Iron | 15 mg/dayd | 139 (97.9%) | 209 (94.6%) | 201 (91.4%) | 269 (92.8%) | 91 (93.8%) | 31 (88.6%) | 0.050 | 9 mg/daye | 37 (6.9%) | 55 (4.4%) | 47 (2.6%) | 84 (3.4%) | 34 (5.7%) | 18 (11.2%) | 0.827 |
Magnesium | 280 mg/day | 78 (54.9%) | 81 (36.7%) | 84 (38.2%) | 112 (38.6%) | 51 (52.6%) | 20 (57.1%) | 0.989 | 280 mg/day | 118 (22.0%) | 290 (23.0%) | 376 (21.2%) | 574 (23.6%) | 173 (28.8%) | 57 (35.4%) | 0.001 |
Potassium | 3100 mg/day | 99 (69.7%) | 126 (57.0%) | 137 (62.3%) | 176 (60.7%) | 66 (68.0%) | 28 (80.0%) | 0.539 | 3100 mg/day | 186 (34.7%) | 473 (37.5%) | 698 (39.3%) | 1067 (43.8%) | 303 (50.4%) | 105 (65.2%) | < 0.001 |
Selenium | 50 μg/day | 92 (64.8%) | 155 (70.1%) | 158 (71.8%) | 232 (80.0%) | 81 (83.5%) | 31 (88.6%) | < 0.001 | 50 μg/day | 424 (79.1%) | 1066 (84.5%) | 1547 (87.2%) | 2201 (90.4%) | 558 (92.8%) | 154 (95.7%) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin C | 75 mg/day | 69 (48.6%) | 78 (35.3%) | 92 (41.8%) | 119 (41.0%) | 43 (44.3%) | 19 (54.3%) | 0.639 | 75 mg/day | 135 (25.2%) | 319 (25.3%) | 517 (29.1%) | 709 (29.1%) | 178 (29.6%) | 48 (29.8%) | 0.008 |
Vitamin D | 10 μg/dayf | 109 (76.8%) | 177 (80.1%) | 184 (83.6%) | 247 (85.2%) | 87 (89.7%) | 35 (100%) | < 0.001 | 10 μg/dayf | 442 (82.5%) | 1071 (84.9%) | 1524 (85.9%) | 2114 (86.8%) | 537 (89.4%) | 150 (93.2%) | < 0.001 |
Zinc | 7 mg/day | 25 (17.6%) | 34 (15.4%) | 30 (13.6%) | 43 (14.8%) | 23 (23.7%) | 11 (31.4%) | 0.177 | 7 mg/day | 24 (4.5%) | 42 (3.3%) | 62 (3.5%) | 141 (5.8%) | 46 (7.7%) | 34 (21.1%) | < 0.001 |