Table 1 Characteristics of study participants in terms of lifestyle variables over phases of Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS)

Overall diet quality index (DQI)¹

1.02 ± 0.26

0.74 ± 0.29

0.67 ± 0.28

 < 0.001⁵

Food groups (times per week)¹

Non-hydrogenated and olive oil

2.28 ± 3.7

6.54 ± 4.63

6.35 ± 4.47

 < 0.001⁵

Meat, egg and whole dairy products

6.38 ± 3.93

4.79 ± 3.15

2.04 ± 2.38

 < 0.001⁵

Hydrogenated oil, ghee, animal fats and butter

10.19 ± 5.9

3.46 ± 4.26

1.95 ± 3.48

 < 0.001⁵

Sweets

1.8 ± 3.23

1.3 ± 2.04

1.95 ± 3.18

0.14⁵

Legumes, chicken, soya protein and Fish

5.6 ± 3.11

5.72 ± 2.99

3.08 ± 2.48

 < 0.001⁵

Vegetables and fruit

12.93 ± 6.71

13.17 ± 6.09

12.32 ± 6.39

0.002⁵

Fast foods

0.48 ± 0.96

0.28 ± 0.56

0.23 ± 0.53

 < 0.001⁵

Family history³ (Yes) ²

1099(39.0)

1956(68.9)

1233(84.2)

 < 0.001⁶

Anti-dyslipidemia medications (Yes)²

224(8.0)

441(15.5)

349(23.8)

 < 0.001⁶

Anti-hypertensive medications (Yes) ²

320(11.4)

604(21.3)

393(26.8)

 < 0.001⁶

Anti-diabetic medications (Yes) ²

112(4.0)

305(10.7)

224(15.3)

 < 0.001⁶

Smoking status (ever smoke) ²

617(21.9)

489(17.2)

285(19.5)

 < 0.001⁶

Physical activity¹ (MET-m/d)⁴

Tertile 1

 < 565.7

332.01 ± 150.41

 < 467.14

274.77 ± 122.74

 < 501.55

296.36 ± 140.81

 < 0.001⁷

Tertile 2

565.7–1062.8

810.97 ± 141.06

467.14–845.71

649.14 ± 107.51

501.55–856.14

670.37 ± 101.27

Tertile 3

 > 1062.8

1497.75 ± 435.75

 > 845.71

1297.24 ± 491.34

 > 856.14

1372.03 ± 582.31

Adaptive copping strategy¹

Tertile 1

 < 28.57

14.12 ± 7.52

 < 20

8.03 ± 6.79

 < 33.33

16.26 ± 11.03

0.61⁷

Tertile 2

28.57–69.23

48.33 ± 12.35

20–62.5

40.28 ± 12.10

33.33–75

53.89 ± 11.12

Tertile 3

 > 69.23

88.63 ± 9.76

 > 62.5

84.42 ± 12.32

 > 75

93.46 ± 8.56

Maladaptive copping strategy¹

Tertile 1

0

0

 < 14.29

0.03 ± 0.57

 < 16.67

0

0.14⁷

Tertile 2

1–66.67

41.65 ± 10.84

14.29–66.67

41.06 ± 11.31

16.67–75

51.15 ± 15.00

Tertile 3

 > 66.67

90.87 ± 13.87

 > 66.67

90.29 ± 13.88

 > 75

99.23 ± 3.79