Fig. 1

HFD leads to obesity and precocious puberty. a A marked increase in body mass in the HFD group compared with the CHD group. b Cumulative percentage of vaginal opening (VO). c Picture of Wight of vaginal opening and the vaginal exfoliated cell smear. d, e Weight of wet and dry carcass in HFD group were higher than CHD. f–h The weight of gonadal fat, visceral fat and subcutaneous fat in HFD group were higher than CHD group. i, j Weight of ovarian and uterus. k, l Ovaries weight/body weight and uterus weight/body weight in CHD and HFD groups. m Serum leptin concentration in CHD and HFD groups. Data are means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001