Fig. 2

Postprandial changes in plasma parameters of oxidative and dicarbonyl stress in T2D, obese and control subjects after a standard meal test consisting of either a conventional meat burger (M-meal) or a plant-based tofu burger (V-meal). Data are expressed as the mean with a 95% CI. *Indicates the difference between T2D and obese men, ¶ difference between obese and control men, and # difference between T2D and control men at α = 0.05. (A) Plasma GSH (*, #) T2D: Meal: F = 1.2, p = 0.274; Time: F = 0.8, p = 0.445; Meal × Time: F = 0.3, p = 0.757. Obese: Meal: F = 4.3, p = 0.041; Time: F = 1.6, p = 0.203; Meal × Time: F = 1.3, p = 0.293. Controls: Meal: F = 2, p = 0.161; Time: F = 0.9, p = 0.415; Meal × Time: F = 0, p = 0.961. (B) GSSG (*, #) T2D: Meal: F = 12, p < 0.001; Time: F = 2.4, p = 0.095; Meal × Time: F = 0.2, p = 0.835. Obese: Meal: F = 0.3, p = 0.62; Time: F = 0.7, p = 0.526; Meal × Time: F = 2.9, p = 0.062. Controls: Meal: F = 2, p = 0.166; Time: F = 0.4, p = 0.654; Meal × Time: F = 0, p = 0.984. (C) GPx activity (#). T2D: Meal: F = 4.1, p = 0.045; Time: F = 11, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 0.9, p = 0.423. Obese: Meal: F = 2.1, p = 0.156; Time: F = 6.5, p = 0.002; Meal × Time: F = 0.4, p = 0.681. Controls: Meal: F = 0, p = 0.901; Time: F = 37, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 0.2, p = 0.844. (D) Methylglyoxal (*, ¶, #). T2D: Meal: F = 3.7, p = 0.058; Time: F = 23, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 0.4, p = 0.668. Obese: Meal: F = 5.4, p = 0.023; Time: F = 10.9, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 0.3, p = 0.769. Controls: Meal: F = 0.1, p = 0.716; Time: F = 20, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 1.1, p = 0.352. (E) Ascorbic acid (*, ¶, #). T2D: Meal: F = 0.2, p = 0.693; Time: F = 2.2, p = 0.122; Meal × Time: F = 0.4, p = 0.705. Obese: Meal: F = 2.1, p = 0.155; Time: F = 0.1, p = 0.869; Meal × Time: F = 0.3, p = 0.776. Controls: Meal: F = 3.9, p = 0.053; Time: F = 0.7, p = 0.502; Meal × Time: F = 0.1, p = 0.952