Table 1 Characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, and hazard ratios (HRs) for diabetes in older individuals (2015–2018) calculated using univariate and multivariate analysis

Number

60,173 (97.7%)

1414 (2.3%)

Sex

 Men (%)

26,573 (97.7%)

638 (2.3%)

1.00

 Women (%)

33,600 (97.7%)

776 (2.3%)

0.96 (0.86–1.06)

Age (years)

67.68 ± 6.09

66.98 ± 5.90

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

 60–70

40,415 (97.6%)

1013 (2.4%)

1.00

1.00*

 71–80

16,749 (98.0%)

344 (2.0%)

0.83 (0.73–0.93)

0.82 (0.72–0.92)

 > 80

3009 (98.1%)

57 (1.9%)

0.76 (0.58–1.00)

0.75 0.58–0.99)

Hypertension

 No (%)

26,811 (97.9%)

577 (2.1%)

1.00

 Yes (%)

33,362 (97.6%)

837 (2.4%)

1.15 (1.04–1.28)

SBP (mmHg)

127.47 ± 13.51

127.44 ± 12.56

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

 < 120

16,261 (97.8%)

359 (2.2%)

1.00

 120–139

36,026 (97.6%)

896 (2.4%)

1.11 (0.98–1.25)

 ≥ 140

7886 (98.0%)

159 (2.0%)

0.88 (0.73–1.06)

DBP (mmHg)

78.71 ± 7.63

78.51 ± 7.05

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

 < 80

28,102 (97.7%)

667 (2.3%)

1.00

 80–89

26,782 (97.6%)

649 (2.4%)

1.01 (0.91–1.12)

 ≥ 90

5289 (98.2%)

98 (1.8%)

0.76 (0.61–0.94)

BMI (kg/m²)

24.66 ± 3.08

25.56 ± 3.19

1.09 (1.07–1.11)

 < 18.5

811 (99.1%)

7 (0.9%)

0.48 (0.23–1.00)

0.48 (0.23–1.02)

 18.5–23.9

26,577 (98.2%)

479 (1.8%)

1.00

1.00*

 24–27.9

24,622 (97.5%)

641 (2.5%)

1.43 (1.27–1.61)

1.28 (1.14–1.45)

 ≥ 28

8163 (96.6%)

287 (3.4%)

1.91 (1.65–2.21)

1.48 (1.28–1.72)

WC (cm)

84.94 ± 8.54

87.01 ± 9.15

1.03 (1.02–1.03)

 < 85 (Women)/ < 90 (Men)

37,389 (98.0%)

748 (2.0%)

1.00

 ≥ 85 (Women)/ ≥ 90 (Men)

22,784 (97.2%)

666 (2.8%)

1.44 (1.30–1.60)

TC (mmol/L)

5.24 ± 1.12

5.24 ± 1.32

0.99 (0.95–1.04)

 < 5.2

30,436 (97.6%)

746 (2.4%)

1.00

 ≥ 5.2

29,737 (97.8%)

668 (2.2%)

0.91 (0.82–1.01)

TG (mmol/L)

1.54 ± 0.95

1.72 ± 1.07

1.12 (1.09–1.16)

 < 1.7

43,392 (97.9%)

929 (2.1%)

1.00

 ≥ 1.7

16,781 (97.2%)

485 (2.8%)

1.33 (1.19–1.48)

FBG (mmol/L)

5.35 ± 0.91

5.96 ± 1.35

1.08 (1.07–1.09)

 < 6.1

52,939 (98.3%)

911 (1.7%)

1.00

1.00*

 6.1–6.9

5819 (95.2%)

294 (4.8%)

2.82 (2.47–3.22)

2.75 (2.40–3.14)

 ≥ 7.0

1415 (87.1%)

209 (12.9%)

7.85 (6.75–9.13)

7.34 (6.29–8.56)

ALT (U/L)

21.72 ± 14.67

24.74 ± 14.71

1.01 (1.00–1.01)

 < 40

56,788 (97.8%)

1266 (2.2%)

1.00

1.00*

 ≥ 40

3385 (95.8%)

148 (4.2%)

1.90 (1.60–2.25)

1.42 (1.20–1.70)

AST (U/L)

23.62 ± 12.17

24.67 ± 11.11

1.00 (1.00–1.01)

 < 45

58,603 (97.8%)

1348 (2.2%)

1.00

 ≥ 45

1570 (96.0%)

66 (4.0%)

1.76 (1.38–2.26)

TBIL (µmol/L)

13.91 ± 6.02

13.49 ± 5.74

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

 < 20

53,499 (97.7%)

1286 (2.3%)

1.00

1.00*

 ≥ 20

6674 (98.1%)

128 (1.9%)

0.78 (0.65–0.94)

0.70 (0.58–0.84)

Scr (µmol/L)

75.60 ± 22.05

75.89 ± 19.40

1.00 (1.00–1.01)

 < 106

56,698 (97.7%)

1332 (2.3%)

1.00

 ≥ 106

3475 (97.7%)

82 (2.3%)

1.00 (0.80–1.25)

BUN (mmol/L)

5.66 ± 2.00

5.59 ± 1.89

0.98 (0.96–1.01)

 < 7.1

51,425 (97.6%)

1243 (2.4%)

1.00

 ≥ 7.1

8748 (98.1%)

171 (1.9%)

0.80 (0.68–0.94)

Hgb (g/L)

138.76 ± 15.11

139.32 ± 16.04

1.00 (1.00–1.01)

 < 110 (Women)/ < 120 (Men)

1663 (97.7%)

39 (2.3%)

1.02 (0.74–1.41)

 ≥ 110 (Women)/≥120 (Men)

58,510 (97.7%)

1375 (2.3%)

1.00

WBC (*10¹²/L)

6.02 ± 3.96

6.21 ± 3.56

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

 < 4.0

3464 (98.7%)

45 (1.3%)

0.54 (0.40–0.72)

 4.0–9.9

55,856 (97.6%)

1349 (2.4%)

1.00

 ≥ 10

853 (97.7%)

20 (2.3%)

0.98 (0.63–1.53)

PLT (*10¹²/L)

209.57 ± 55.85

209.24 ± 53.14

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

 < 100

56,174 (97.7%)

1328 (2.3%)

1.55 (1.06–2.27)

 100–299

726 (96.4%)

27 (3.6%)

1.00

 ≥ 300

3273 (98.2%)

59 (1.8%)

0.76 (0.58–0.98)

Smoking status

 Never

45,412 (75.5%)

1132 (80.1%)

1.00

 Past

2816 (4.7%)

58 (4.1%)

0.82 (0.63–1.06)

 Current

11,945 (19.9%)

224 (15.8%)

0.74 (0.64–0.85)

Alcohol consumption

 Never

50,475 (83.9%)

1242 (87.8%)

1.00

1.00*

 Less than once a week

4363 (7.3%)

77 (5.4%)

0.71 (0.57–0.90)

0.67 (0.53–0.84)

 More than once a week

1507 (2.5%)

30 (2.1%)

0.80 (0.56–1.15)

0.70 (0.49–1.01)

 Everyday

3828 (6.4%)

65 (4.6%)

0.69 (0.54–0.88)

0.66 (0.51–0.85)

Diet

 Animal-based

732 (1.2%)

16 (1.1%)

1.00

 Balanced

57,227 (95.1%)

1349 (95.4%)

1.08 (0.66–1.78)

 Vegetarian diet

2214 (3.7%)

49 (3.5%)

1.00 (0.57–1.76)

Physical activity

 Never

12,706 (21.1%)

307 (21.7%)

1.00

 Less than once a Week

3193 (5.3%)

82 (5.8%)

1.06 (0.83–1.35)

 More than once a week

13,467 (22.4%)

304 (21.5%)

0.93 (0.79–1.09)

 Everyday

30,807 (51.2%)

721 (51.0%)

0.98 (0.85–1.12)

History of drug use

 Statins

  No (%)

59,856 (97.7%)

1401 (2.3%)

1.00

1.00**

  Yes (%)

317 (96.1%)

13 (3.9%)

1.74 (1.01–3.01)

1.85 (1.07–3.20)

 Psychotropics

  No (%)

60,018 (97.7%)

1410 (2.3%)

1.00

  Yes (%)

155 (97.5%)

4 (2.5%)

1.17 (0.44–3.13)