Fig. 2

Induction of obesity and T2DM in mice. According to the morphological, biochemical, and molecular results, type 2 diabetes was successfully induced by the AGEs-rich high fat diet in male C57BL/6 mouse model. Average of mice weight and weight gain percentile in AGEs group compared to normal diet controls (NDC) (A). Calorie intake and water consumption of NDC and AGEs (B). Biochemical results of AGEs-rich high fat diet consumption in comparison with a normal diet, including FBS, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR index, GTT, and area under GTT curve (C). Glut4 expression in skeletal muscle of NDC and AGEs groups in both transcript and protein level (D). Skeletal muscle electron micrograph of mice in NDC and AGEs groups. The muscle ultrastructure in the control group shows normal architecture with regular and ordered A and I bands, Z and M lines. In higher magnification, the mitochondria and their cristae are normal and myofibrillar structure is distinct (upper left × 6300 magnification, upper right × 20,000 magnification). In the AGEs group, rupture of myofibrils and formation of apoptotic bodies were the prominent findings (lower left × 6300 magnification, lower right × 20,000 magnification) (E). All values are presented as mean ± SEM. α: statistical significant with NDC group (p value < 0.05)