Table 1 General characteristics of the included studies

Liu, X.-Y. 2020 [9]

China

Parallel double blind

49

49

Age (T/C)55 ± 2/56 ± 2

NAM 500–1500 mg/d

P

52 weeks

(2)

Conze, D. 2019 [1]

USA

Parallel double blind

35

34

Age (T/C)52.3 ± 5.9/50.7 ± 5.6

BMI (T/C)28 ± 2/28 ± 2

NR 100 mg/d

P

56 days

(1)

Conze, D. 2019 [1]

USA

Parallel double blind

35

34

Age (T/C)50.2 ± 5.8/50.7 ± 5.6

BMI (T/C)28 ± 1/28 ± 2

NR 300 mg/d

P

56 days

(1)

Conze, D/ 2019 [1]

USA

Parallel double blind

35

34

Age (T/C)50.9 ± 5.6/50.7 ± 5.6

BMI (T/C)28 ± 2/28 ± 2

NR 1000 mg/d

P

56 days

(1)

Dollerup, O. 2019 [21]

Denmark

Parallel double blind

20

20

Age (T/C)58 ± 1.6/60 ± 2.0

BMI (T/C)32.4 ± 0.5/33.3 ± 0.6

NR 2000 mg/d

P

12 weeks

(6)

Montastier, E. 2019 [23]

France

Parallel double blind

11

11

Patients are sedentary obese men

Age (T/C)35.4 ± 2.2/35.4 ± 1.5

BMI (T/C)33.3 ± 0.7/32.6 ± 0.7

ERN 2000 mg/d

P

8 weeks

(6)

Dollerup, O. 2018 [24]

Denmark

Parallel double blind

20

20

Age (T/C)58 ± 1.6/60 ± 2.0

BMI (T/C)32.4 ± 0.5/33.3 ± 0.6

NR 2000 mg/d

P

12 weeks

(1)

Otvos, J. 2018 [25]

USA

Parallel double blind

1367

1387

Age (T/C)63.5 ± 8.8/63.8 ± 8.7

Statin + ERN

P + Statin

1 year

(5)

Dellinger, R. W. 2017 [8]

Canada

Parallel double blind

40

40

Age 60–80

BMI 18–35

NR 250 mg/d + PT 50 mg/d

P

60 days

(1)

Dellinger, R. W. 2017 [8]

Canada

Parallel double blind

40

40

Age 60–80

BMI 18–35

NR 500 mg/d + PT 100 mg/d

P

60 days

(1)

Batuca, J. R. 2017 [26]

Portugal

Parallel double blind

8

9

Age (T/C)46.13 ± 12.02/52.44 ± 9.55

BMI (T/C) 28.09 ± 4.68/29.09 ± 3.2

ERN 1500 mg/d

P

12 weeks

(3)

Goldberg, R. 2016 [27]

US

Canada

Parallel

423

410

Patients with normal fasting glucose

Age 62.9 ± 9.2

BMI 29.8 ± 5.0

ERN 2000 mg/d + simvastatin 40 mg/d

P

1 year

(1)

Goldberg, R. 2016 [27]

US

Canada

Parallel

388

415

Patients with impaired fasting glucose

Age 63.2 ± 8.7

BMI 31.0 ± 4.8

ERN 2000 mg/d + simvastatin 40 mg/d

P

1 year

(4)

Goldberg, R. 2016 [27]

US

Canada

Parallel

547

506

Patients with diabetes

Age 64.7 ± 8.3

BMI 32.6 ± 5.7

ERN 2000 mg/d + simvastatin 40 mg/d

P

1 year

(4)

Zahed, N. S. 2016 [28]

Iran

Parallel double blind

35

35

Age (T/C) 49.8 ± 14.6/51.1 ± 14.1

NA 100 mg/d

P

8 weeks

(2)

Savinova, O. 2015 [29]

USA

Parallel double blind

14

14

Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome

Age (T/C)47.0 ± 11.3/49.6 ± 12.9

BMI (T/C)32.7 ± 4.6/29.8 ± 2.5

ERN 2000 mg/d

P

16 weeks

(6)

Kalil, R. 2015 [30]

USA

Parallel double blind

254

251

Patients with chronic kidney disease

Age (T/C)70.6 ± 7.2/70.8 ± 7.4

BMI (T/C)30.9 ± 5.4/30.4 ± 5.8

ERN 2000 mg/d + Simvastatin 40 mg/d

P + Simvastatin 40 mg/d

1 year

(2)

Kalil, R. 2015 [30]

USA

Parallel double blind

1464

1444

Patients without chronic kidney disease

Age 62.5 ± 8.4

ERN 2000 mg/d + Simvastatin 40 mg/d

P + Simvastatin 40 mg/d

1 year

(3)

deGoma, E. 2015 [31]

USA

Parallel double blind

5

3

Patients with coronary artery disease

Age 55

niacin 6000 mg/d

P

12 weeks

(5)

Bregar, U. 2014 [32]

The Republic of Slovenia

Parallel double blind

33

30

Patients with coronary heart disease at least 6 months after myocardial infarction

Mean age 52.5 years

niacin/laropiprant (1000/20 mg/d for 4 weeks and 2000/40 mg/d there after)

All patients were treated with statins

P

12 weeks

(5)

Blond, E. 2014 [33]

France

cross-over

Single blind

20

20

Age 46 ± 13

BMI (T/C)31.2 ± 2.2/31.1 ± 2.2

ERN 2 000 mg/d

P

8 weeks

(3)

Aye, M. 2014 [34]

UK

Parallel double blind

13

12

Patients with Polycystic ovary syndrome

Age (T/C)31.0 ± 6.33/31.7 ± 6.51

BMI (T/C)35.8 ± 5.55/34.8 ± 5.03

niacin 1000 mg/d + laropiprant 20 mg/d

P

12 weeks

(6)

Philpott, A. 2013 [35]

Canada

Cross-over double blind

66

66

Patients with coronary heart disease

Age 58 ± 8.5

BMI 29.9 ± 4.4

ERN 1500 mg/d + atorvastatin 80 mg/d

P + atorvastatin 80 mg/d

3 months

(5)

Edalat-Nejad, M. 2012 [36]

Iran

cross-over double blind

37

37

Age 57 ± 11 years

Niacin 1000 mg/d

P

8 weeks

(2)

Ng, C. 2011 [37]

China

Parallel

80

80

Age (T/C) 58.34 ± 7.12/57.84 ± 8.48

Niacin 1500 mg/d

P

12 weeks

(3)

Kim, S. 2011 [38]

Korea

Parallel double blind

25

22

Age (T/C) 57.4 ± 6.8/61.8 ± 8.3

ERN 500 mg/d for first 4 weeks and ERN 1000 mg/d for the next 4 weeks

P

8 weeks

(3)

Boden, W. 2011 [39]

USA

Canada

Parallel

1561

1554

Age (T/C) 63.7 ± 8.8/63.7 ± 8.7

ERN 1500–2000 mg/d + Simvastatin 40–80 mg/d + Ezetimibe 10 mg/d

P + Simvastatin 40–80 mg/d + Ezetimibe 10 mg/d

1 year

(6)

Fabbrini, E. 2010 [40]

USA

Parallel double blind

9

9

Age (T/C) 43 ± 5/45 ± 3

BMI (T/C)35.8 ± 1.4/37.2 ± 2.0

ERN 2000 mg/d

P

16 weeks

(6)

Sorrentino, S. 2010 [41]

Switzerland

Parallel double blind

15

15

Age (T/C) 58 ± 11/62 ± 9

BMI (T/C)32 ± 4/34 ± 5

ERN 1500 mg/d

P

3 months

(6)

Hamilton, S. 2010 [42]

Australia

Parallel double blind

7

8

Age 65 ± 7

BMI 30 ± 5

Niacin 1500 mg/d

no therapy

20 weeks

(4)

Lee, J. 2009 [43]

UK

Parallel double blind

22

29

Age (T/C) 65 ± 9/65 ± 9

BMI (T/C)31 ± 5/30 ± 5

NA 1000 mg/d for first 4 weeks, 1500 mg/d for a further 4 weeks, and then 2000 mg/d for the remainder

P

12 months

(6)

Jafri, H. 2009 [44]

USA

Parallel double blind

27

27

Age (T/C) 60 ± 10/57 ± 7

ERN 1000 mg/d

P

3 months

(5)

Cheng, S. 2008 [10]

USA

Cross-over double blind

33

33

Hemodialysis patients with phosphorus levels > 5.0 mg/dl

Age (T/C) 52.6/52.6

NAM 1500 mg/d

P

8 weeks

(2)

Vittone, F. 2007 [45]

USA

Parallel double blind

80

80

Age (T/C) 54.0 ± 8/53.4 ± 8

BMI (T/C) 29.7 ± 5/29.4 ± 4

Niacin + simvastatin

P

3 years

(5)

Thoenes, M. 2007 [46]

Germany

Parallel double blind

30

15

Patients with the metabolic syndrome

Age (T/C) 34.6 ± 8.1/37.5 ± 9.6

BMI (T/C) 29.7 ± 5/29.4 ± 4

ERN 1000 mg/d

P

52 weeks

(3)

Isley, W. L. 2007 [47]

USA

Parallel

7

7

Age (T/C) 48 ± 14/58 ± 10

BMI (T/C) 31.7 ± 1.5/30.3 ± 2.1

Niacin 3000 mg/d

P

12 weeks

(5)

Chang, A. 2006 [48]

USA

Cross-over double blind

15

15

Patients with normal glucose tolerance

Age 26 ± 6

BMI 25 ± 3

NA 2000 mg/d

P

2 weeks

(1)

Chang, A. 2006 [48]

USA

Cross-over double blind

16

16

Patients with normal glucose tolerance

Age 70 ± 6

BMI 26 ± 3

NA 2000 mg/d

P

2 weeks

(1)

Chang, A. 2006 [48]

USA

Cross-over double blind

14

14

Patients with impaired glucose tolerance

Age 70 ± 6

BMI 25 ± 3

NA 2000 mg/d

P

2 weeks

(4)

Benjó, A. 2006 [49]

Brazil

Parallel double blind

11

11

Patients with low HDL-cholesterol

BMI (T/C) 27.4 ± 3.7/26.5 ± 3.7

no-flush niacin 1500 mg/d

P

3 months

(1)

Taylor, A. 2004 [50]

USA

Parallel double blind

78

71

Age (T/C) 67 ± 10/68 ± 10

ERN 1000 mg/d

P

12 months

(6)

Osar, Z. 2004 [51]

Turkey

Parallel

15

15

Age (T/C) 55 ± 10/59 ± 8

BMI (T/C) 30 ± 5/28 ± 3

NAM 50 mg/kg

P

1 month

(4)

Superko, H. 2004 [52]

USA

Parallel

60

61

Age (T/C) 53 ± 12/55 ± 12

BMI (T/C) 29 ± 4.4/27 ± 3.6

ERN 1500 mg/d

P

14 weeks

(3)

Superko, H. . 2004 [52]

USA

Parallel

59

61

Age (T/C) 53 ± 11/55 ± 12

BMI (T/C) 28 ± 5.2/27 ± 3.6

IRN 3000 mg/d

P

14 weeks

(3)

Elam, M. 2000 [53]

USA

Parallel double blind

49

50

Patients with diabetes

Age 67 ± 7

BMI 28 ± 5

Niacin 3000 mg/d or maximum tolerated dosage

P

18 weeks

(4)

Elam, M. 2000 [53]

USA

Parallel double blind

145

150

Patients without diabetes

Age 65 ± 9

BMI 27 ± 5

Niacin 3000 mg/d or maximum tolerated dosage

P

18 weeks

(1)

Keenan, J. 1992 [54]

USA

Parallel double blind

21

26

Age (Mean) 58.7

NA 2000–1500 mg/d

P

24 weeks

(3)

Keenan, J. . 1992 [54]

USA

Parallel double blind

26

12

Age (Mean) 39.9

NA 2000–1500 mg/d

P

24 weeks

(3)

Garg, A. 1990 [55]

USA

Cross-over

13

13

Age 59 ± 1

BMI 29.9 ± 0.7

NA 4500 mg/d

no therapy

8 weeks

(4)

Chase, H. 1990 [56]

USA

Parallel double blind

18

17

Age (T/C) 12.5 ± 3.7/10.8 ± 3.5

slow release NAM (100 mg.age (years)⁻¹.day⁻¹ up to a maximum of 1.5 g/day)

P

12 months

(4)

Vague, P. 1989 [57]

France

Parallel double blind

11

12

Age (T/C) 29.8 ± 7.3/26.8 ± 6.2

NAM 3000 mg/d

P

9 months

(4)