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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 996 study participants

From: Association between early-pregnancy serum C-peptide and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case–control study among Chinese women

Characteristics

Total

Quartiles of C-peptide

P valuesa

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Maternal age, years

28.0 (25.0–30.0)

27.0 (25.0–30.0)

27.0 (25.0–30.0)

28.0 (25.0–30.0)

28.0 (25.0–31.0)

0.483

Gestational age, weeks

11.0 (9.0–12.0)

11.0 (9.0–12.0)

11.0 (9.0–12.0)

11.0 (9.0–12.0)

10.0 (8.0–12.0)

0.007

Education > 12 years, n (%)

399 (40.1)

94 (43.7)

94 (42.0)

94 (37.8)

117 (38.0)

0.450

Parity ≥ 1, n (%)

502 (50.4)

93 (43.3)

107 (47.8)

128 (51.4)

174 (56.5)

0.021

Smoking status, n (%)

     

0.538

 Current

16 (1.6)

2 (0.9)

4 (1.8)

4 (1.6)

6 (2.0)

 

 Former

42 (4.2)

6 (2.8)

14 6.3)

8 (3.2)

14 (4.6)

 

 Never

938 (94.2)

207 (96.3)

206 (92.0)

237 (95.2)

288 (93.5)

 

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

     

0.149

 Current

3 (0.3)

1 (0.5)

0

0

2 (0.7)

 

 Former

188 (18.9)

32 (14.9)

54 (24.1)

43 (17.3)

59 (19.2)

 

 Never

805 (80.8)

182 (84.7)

170 (75.9)

206 (82.7)

247 (80.2)

 

Physical activity, MET-h∙week-1

116.5 (70.5–171.0)

126.7 (77.3–183.7)

121.6 (75.5–171.9)

123.6 (68.1–171.0)

106.8 (63.7–161.1)

0.078

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2

21.0 (19.2–23.0)

19.7 (18.3–21.2)

20.3 (18.8–21.6)

21.0 (19.3–22.7)

22.8 (21.1–25.3)

 < 0.001

WHR

0.8 (0.8–0.9)

0.8 (0.8–0.8)

0.8 (0.8–0.9)

0.8 (0.8–0.9)

0.8 (0.8–0.9)

 < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

109.0 (103.5–116.0)

107.0 (101.5–113.5)

108.0 (102.5–114.5)

109.0 (104.5–115.5)

112.0 (105.5–119.0)

 < 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

74.0 (68.5–79.0)

73.0 (67.0–77.0)

74.0 (68.0–78.0)

74.0 (68.5–79.5)

75.5 (70.0–81.3)

 < 0.001

C-peptide, ng/mL

0.92 (0.73–1.20)

0.58 (0.51–0.64)

0.78 (0.74–0.82)

0.98 (0.92–1.05)

1.39 (1.24–1.71)

N/A

Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L

4.4 (4.2–4.7)

4.2 (4.0–4.5)

4.4 (4.1–4.6)

4.4 (4.2–4.7)

4.6 (4.3–4.9)

 < 0.001

Insulin, uIU/mL

8.0 (5.5–11.5)

4.7 (3.6–5.5)

6.4 (5.4–7.6)

8.6 (7.4–10.5)

13.1 (10.3–17.0)

 < 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.6 (1.1–2.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

1.7 (1.4–2.1)

2.7 (2.1–3.5)

 < 0.001

HbA1c, %b

5.1 ± 0.3

5.0 ± 0.3

5.0 ± 0.2

5.1 ± 0.2

5.1 ± 0.3

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.1 (4.4–5.7)

5.1 (4.4–5.7)

5.1 (4.4–5.6)

5.0 (4.3–5.6)

5.2 (4.5–5.8)

0.269

TG, mmol/L

1.5 (1.1–1.9)

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

1.4 (1.0–1.8)

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

1.7 (1.2–2.3)

 < 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

1.7 (1.4–2.0)

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

1.6 (1.4–1.9)

1.6 (1.4–1.9)

1.7 (1.5–2.1)

 < 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.4 (1.2–1.6)

1.5 (1.4–1.7)

1.5 (1.3–1.7)

1.4 (1.2–1.6)

1.3 (1.2–1.5)

 < 0.001

Parental history of DM, n (%)

78 (7.8)

11 (5.1)

15 (6.7)

19 (7.6)

33 (10.7)

0.091

History of GDM, n (%)

27 (2.7)

1 (0.5)

3 (1.3)

6 (2.4)

17 (5.5)

0.001

  1. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables, and frequency (percentages) for categorical variables
  2. BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homoeostatic model assessment‐insulin resistance, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, N/A not applicable, TG triglycerides, WHR waist–hip ratio
  3. aP values were calculated by Kruskal–Wallis Test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables
  4. bP values were calculated by analysis of variance
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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