Fig. 2

Heat maps show the associations of 107 gut microbial genus (log-transformed counts) with insulin resistance, stages of diabetes, and diabetes duration. A Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (continuous); B Stages of diabetes (4 stages including normal, pre-diabetes, diabetes without treatment, and diabetes with treatment); C Diabetes duration (continuous). Data source: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), 1985–2016. Only genus with significant association (q-value < 0.1) in at least one of the 4 multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were displayed. The log-transformed genera counts were used for the analyses. Positive beta coefficients indicate greater abundance and vice versa. The q-value was calculated using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Model 1 adjusted for sequencing run. Model 2 additionally adjusted for age, sex, race, field center, and education. Model 3 additionally adjusted for physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, and diet quality score. In Model 4, medication use, such as proton pump inhibitor and lipid-lowering, was added