The association of long-term calcium and dairy products intake in adolescence with carotid intima media thickness and metabolic syndrome in early adulthood: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Table 1 Anthropometric and clinical measurements in adolescence and adulthood (n = 217)

Variables	Adolescence	Adulthood	P-value
Age (year)	14.9 ± 2.1	24.9 ± 2.9	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	23.1 ± 4.3	25.6 ± 4.7	< 0.001
Dairy calcium (mg/d)	395 ± 573	212 ± 165	< 0.001
Non-dairy calcium (mg/d)	1088 ± 574	1191 ± 473	0.060
Total calcium (mg/d)	1484 ± 982	1403 ± 568	0.337
Energy intake (Kcal/d)	2693 ± 1087	2440 ± 871	0.005
Physical activity (MET/h)	536 (259–1488)	496 (246–1127)	0.035
^aSmokers, n (%)	50 (23.0)	32 (14.7)	0.127
LDL-C (mgl/dl)	86.6 ± 23.5	96.1 ± 26.2	< 0.001
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	152.9 ± 28.4	165.9 ± 31.5	< 0.001
HDL-C (mgl/dl)	45.3 ± 10.0	48.7 ± 10.3	< 0.001
TG (mg/dl)	86.5 (65.0–120.0)	86.5 (66.2–126.0)	0.805
FBS (mg/dl)	87.6 ± 8.5	87.4 ± 7.9	0.004
SBP (mmHg)	102.2 ± 11.0	107.0 ± 11.4	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	66.4 ± 9.3	71.8 ± 8.9	< 0.001
WC (cm)	78.4 ± 11.9	86. 8 ± 12.2	< 0.001
cIMT (mm)	–	0.54	–
MetS, n (%)	27 (12.4)	22 (10.1)	> 0.999

Using the paired t-test, Wilcoxon and McNemar test for normal, skewed, and categorical variables, respectively
P-value < 0.05 significant
BMI, body mass index; cIMT, carotid intima media thickness; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference
^aDefinition of smokers for adolescent was both exposure and using smoke

ISSN: 1743-7075