Fig. 1

WC results in weight gain, manifested by changes in the intestinal environment resulting in local and systemic inflammation. WR plays a significant role in the formation of WC. It is characterized by alterations in the intestinal environment, specifically the disruption of tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells and a decrease in intestinal permeability. More metabolic waste enters the intestine at this time, causing changes in the distribution structure of microbiota, as evidenced by a decrease in firmicutes, actinobacteria, and bifidobacteria and an increase in LPS production. Simultaneously, the intestinal immune system is altered, as evidenced by a decrease in IgA + B cells and an increase in inflammatory factors. IL-1β and IFN-γ levels rise, and more ROS are produced; these substances enter the bloodstream and form systemic metabolism. It also causes expansion of the local white adipose tissue, which leads to a dysregulated endocrine state of the white adipose tissue, increased secretion of inflammatory factors, activation of the inflammatory pathway HIF-1, and elevated leptin and adiponectin decrease in the majority of individuals, resulting in local metaflammation