Fig. 2
From: Weight cycling based on altered immune microenvironment as a result of metaflammation
Changes in body composition and metabolism during WC. Many individuals develop WR following weight loss. During WR, adipose tissue increases and muscle tissue decreases, with fat deposition in the trunk predominating in men and fat deposition in the limbs predominating in women. Alternating WL and WR compose the WC. The intrinsic principle of WC is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation-induced metaflammation, which leads to decreased glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, and ultimately sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and NAFLD