Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participants according to gender

Age (years)

52.2 ± 13.1

51.7 ± 13.3

52.8 ± 13.0

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

25.2 ± 3.81

25.5 ± 3.57

24.8 ± 4.05

 < 0.001

WC (cm)

88.5 ± 11.7

91.0 ± 10.6

85.5 ± 12.2

 < 0.001

Smoking

–

–

–

 < 0.001

  Current smoking (n, %)

3667 (27.9%)

3529 (49.1%)

138 (2.3%)

–

  Ever smoking (n, %)

654 (40.1%)

619 (8.6%)

35 (0.6%)

–

  No smoking (n, %)

8823 (40.1%)

3033 (42.2%)

5790 (97.1%)

–

Drinking

–

–

–

 < 0.001

  Current drinking (n, %)

2612 (19.9%)

2496 (34.8%)

116 (1.9%)

–

  Ever drinking (n, %)

485 (3.7%)

463 (6.4%)

22 (0.4%)

–

  No drinking (n, %)

10,047 (76.4%)

4222 (58.8%)

5825 (97.7%)

–

Diabetes mellitus (n, %)

1399 (10.6%)

805 (11.2%)

594 (10.0%)

0.021

Hypertension (n, %)

5720 (43.5%)

3040 (42.3%)

2680 (44.9%)

0.003

Lipid disorders (n, %)

6212 (47.3%)

4133 (57.6%)

2079 (34.9%)

 < 0.001

Chronic kidney disease (n, %)

335 (2.5%)

143 (2.0%)

192 (3.2%)

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.83 ± 1.04

4.82 ± 1.04

4.85 ± 1.04

0.289

Total triglyceride (mmol/l)

2.01 ± 1.82

2.22 ± 2.04

1.63 ± 1.25

 < 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/l)

2.74 ± 0.90

2.74 ± 0.92

2.74 ± 0.86

0.737

HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.20 ± 0.32

1.13 ± 0.30

1.33 ± 0.31

 < 0.001

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)

5.36 ± 1.71

5.39 ± 1.74

5.31 ± 1.65

0.046

Serum creatinine (umol/l)

81.0 ± 38.0

86.8 ± 37.8

72.7 ± 36.6

 < 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

95.1 ± 22.3

97.0 ± 21.5

92.3 ± 23.2

 < 0.001

ABI

1.08 ± 0.09

1.10 ± 0.09

1.07 ± 0.08

 < 0.001

Systolic BP in left arm (mmHg)

130 ± 20.1

130 ± 18.0

130 ± 22.3

0.438

Diastolic BP in left arm (mmHg)

78.8 ± 12.2

80.3 ± 11.6

77.1 ± 12.6

 < 0.001

Systolic BP in right arm (mmHg)

131 ± 20.0

131 ± 18.1

131 ± 22.1

0.706

Diastolic BP in right arm (mmHg)

79.4 ± 12.2

80.8 ± 11.7

77.6 ± 12.6

 < 0.001

Systolic BP in left ankle (mmHg)

146 ± 26.3

147 ± 24.6

144 ± 28.0

 < 0.001

Diastolic BP in left ankle (mmHg)

76.6 ± 12.2

77.9 ± 11.9

74.9 ± 12.4

 < 0.001

Systolic BP in right ankle (mmHg)

148 ± 26.7

149 ± 25.1

146 ± 28.3

 < 0.001

Diastolic BP in right ankle (mmHg)

76.3 ± 12.2

77.8 ± 12.0

74.6 ± 12.3

 < 0.001

IABPD (mmHg)

3.55 ± 3.79

3.50 ± 3.97

3.61 ± 3.55

0.092

ABI ≤ 0.9

256 (1.9%)

120 (1.7%)

136 (2.3%)

0.012

IABPD ≥ 15 mmHg

180 (1.4%)

82 (1.1%)

98 (1.6%)

0.014