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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects

From: Effect of different doses of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 on body fat and metabolic parameters in adult individuals with obesity: a pilot study

Variables

Placebo

(n = 13)

VL_K56

(n = 14)

L_K56

(n = 12)

H_K56

(n = 13)

VH_K56

(n = 14)

p value

Gender, F/M

6/7

9/5

8/4

8/5

8/6

0.85

Height, m

166.70 ± 10.64

165.20 ± 9.28

165.30 ± 7.18

165.90 ± 10.79

163.90 ± 8.65

0.95

Age, year

40.15 ± 9.78

39.00 ± 7.74

38.42 ± 9.59

44.92 ± 8.03

39.14 ± 10.52

0.38

Weight, kg

88.84 ± 23.57

80.38 ± 17.26

86.96 ± 14.35

80.92 ± 17.28

81.34 ± 18.60

0.67

BFM, kg

34.48 ± 12.18

30.96 ± 9.73

34.34 ± 7.24

30.58 ± 6.74

31.13 ± 8.92

0.68

BMI, kg/m2

31.62 ± 5.70

29.27 ± 4.77

31.72 ± 4.05

29.12 ± 3.77

29.99 ± 4.71

0.45

PBF, %

38.71 ± 7.52

38.06 ± 5.62

39.42 ± 4.59

38.10 ± 5.45

38.26 ± 5.54

0.97

VFA, cm2

159.90 ± 49.41

146.80 ± 47.05

159.20 ± 30.52

150.00 ± 34.37

146.90 ± 38.15

0.86

WC, cm

104.20 ± 15.99

99.99 ± 14.46

102.40 ± 10.28

100.60 ± 12.54

99.22 ± 13.17

0.88

HbA1c, %

5.70 (0.90)

5.65 (0.40)

5.65 (0.60)

5.60 (0.30)

5.40 (0.20)

0.25

GA, %

12.68 ± 2.35

11.61 ± 1.43

12 ± 1.51

12.55 ± 1.27

12.11 ± 1.50

0.46

FBG, mmol/L

5.60 (0.50)

5.20 (0.30)

5.00 (1.05)

5.00 (1.10)

4.65 (0.80)

0.15

TCH, mmol/L

5.06 ± 0.82

5.27 ± 0.68

5.40 ± 0.66

4.94 ± 0.76

4.97 ± 0.71

0.43

TG, mmol/L

1.87 (1.41)

1.44 (1.30)

1.86 (0.86)

1.36 (0.64)

1.20 (0.44)

0.28

ALT, U/L

23.30 (30.80)

22.95 (23.60)

28.55 (29.75)

35.50 (21.70)

20.60 (18.40)

0.35

AST, U/L

16.10 (16.60)

18.35 (6.70)

18.85 (12.85)

24.30 (9.10)

16.55 (5.40)

0.30

Creatinine, μmol/L

79.15 ± 14.65

75.11 ± 11.09

73.97 ± 10.94

71.20 ± 11.92

75.11 ± 14.71

0.63

Urea, mmol/L

5.20 (0.80)

5.10 (0.90)

5.20 (2.20)

4.80 (1.90)

5.35 (2.10)

0.90

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). A chi-square test was performed on categorical variables. One-way ANOVA test or Kruskal–Wallis test was performed on continuous variables.
  2. BMI, body mass index; BFM, body fat mass; PBF, percent body fat; VFA, visceral fat area; HbA1c, Glycosylated hemoglobin; GA, Glycated albumin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TCH, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ALT, Alanine transaminase; AST, Aspartate Transaminase