| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary fiber (g/day) | (< 17.89) | 17.89-<20.10 | 20.10-<22.74 | ≥ 22.74 |  |
 N | 497 | 495 | 496 | 497 |  |
Age (years) | 42.7 ± 6.9 | 43.8 ± 6.7 | 44.0 ± 6.8 | 45.0 ± 6.7 | < 0.001 |
Sex (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 228 (45.9) | 149 (30.1) | 152 (30.7) | 77 (15.5) | < 0.001 |
 Female | 269 (54.1) | 346 (69.9) | 344 (69.4) | 420 (84.5) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) (n, %) | 24.66 ± 3.62 | 24.45 ± 3.66 | 24.32 ± 3.43 | 23.99 ± 3.55 | 0.008 |
 < 25 | 295 (59.4) | 299 (60.4) | 295 (59.5) | 326 (65.6) | 0.14 |
 ≥ 25 | 202 (40.6) | 196 (39.6) | 201 (40.5) | 171 (34.4) |  |
Education level (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Middle school or less | 4 (0.8) | 4 (0.8) | 5 (1.0) | 6 (1.2) | 0.17 |
  High school | 155 (31.2) | 164 (33.1) | 173 (34.9) | 197 (39.6) |  |
  College or more | 335 (67.4) | 323 (65.3) | 314 (63.3) | 294 (59.2) |  |
Occupation (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Professionals, administrative, management, or office jobs | 208 (41.9) | 160 (32.3) | 150 (30.2) | 151 (30.4) | < 0.001 |
 Sales or service positions | 131 (26.4) | 139 (28.1) | 155 (31.3) | 143 (28.8) |  |
 Agriculture, manufacturing, mining, or army service | 47 (9.5) | 24 (4.9) | 42 (8.5) | 30 (6.0) |  |
 Housekeeping, unemployment, or others | 111 (22.3) | 172 (34.8) | 149 (30.0) | 173 (34.8) |  |
Income (10,000 won/month) (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 <200 | 39 (7.9) | 29 (5.9) | 30 (6.1) | 52 (10.5) | 0.10 |
  200–400 | 134 (27.0) | 142 (28.7) | 148 (29.8) | 138 (27.8) |  |
  >400 | 323 (65.0) | 318 (64.2) | 313 (63.1) | 302 (60.8) |  |
Alcohol consumption (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 None | 121 (24.4) | 167 (33.7) | 197 (39.7) | 231 (46.5) | < 0.001 |
  Ex-drinker | 11 (2.2) | 22 (4.4) | 22 (4.4) | 21 (4.2) |  |
  Current drinker | 365 (73.4) | 306 (61.8) | 277 (55.9) | 245 (49.3) |  |
Smoking status (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 None | 336 (67.6) | 394 (79.6) | 415 (83.7) | 436 (87.7) | < 0.001 |
  Ex-smoker | 66 (13.3) | 42 (8.5) | 29 (5.9) | 25 (5.0) |  |
  Current smoker | 95 (19.1) | 59 (11.9) | 52 (10.5) | 36 (7.2) |  |
Physical activity (MET-min/week) (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Low | 142 (28.6) | 144 (29.1) | 140 (28.2) | 165 (33.2) | < 0.001 |
 Moderate | 132 (26.6) | 145 (29.3) | 165 (33.3) | 189 (38.0) |  |
 High | 223 (44.9) | 206 (41.6) | 191 (38.5) | 143 (28.8) |  |
Total caloric intake (kcal/day) | 1971.18 ± 626.39 | 2059.19 ± 665.38 | 2134.21 ± 730.47 | 1986.88 ± 752.94 | 0.94 |
MetS | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 417 (83.9) | 405 (81.8) | 423 (85.3) | 438 (88.1) | 0.045 |
 Yes | 80 (16.1) | 90 (18.2) | 73 (14.7) | 59 (11.9) |  |
WC (cm) | 84.17 ± 9.82 | 83.02 ± 9.25 | 82.66 ± 9.32 | 81.10 ± 9.28 | < 0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 148.80 ± 164.46 | 133.20 ± 106.47 | 131.78 ± 127.30 | 116.48 ± 82.82 | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 118.52 ± 15.65 | 117.15 ± 15.52 | 116.33 ± 14.14 | 115.71 ± 15.88 | 0.004 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.62 ± 12.06 | 73.44 ± 12.26 | 72.98 ± 11.59 | 71.83 ± 12.09 | < 0.001 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 85.06 ± 16.58 | 83.91 ± 14.02 | 84.93 ± 21.82 | 82.75 ± 10.33 | 0.20 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.65 ± 13.90 | 56.41 ± 13.60 | 57.06 ± 14.50 | 58.13 ± 13.49 | 0.002 |