Fig. 3

RES influenced the activation of CD4⁺ T cells in vitro. CD4⁺ T cells were stimulated by 1 μg/mL anti-CD3 and 1 μg/mL anti-CD28 and cultured in a cell incubator. 0.1 μg/mL LPS and 20, 40, 80 μM of RES were added and cells were collected 24 h later. a-b The expression of proliferation marker, Ki67 was observed by flow cytometry (n = 4). c-d The expression of activation markers including CD25, CD44, and CD62L of CD4⁺ T cells were observed by flow cytometry (n = 4). e The cytokines of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in the culture supernatant were detected by ELISA (n = 5). Data are represented with mean ± SD, #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 versus the control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.01 versus the TCR + LPS group