Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, Abellan Van KG, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Breuille D, Cederholm T, Chandler J, De MC, Donini L, Harris T, Kannt A, Keime GF, Onder G, Papanicolaou D, Rolland Y, Rooks D, Sieber C, Souhami E, Verlaan S, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(4):249–56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beasley JM, Shikany JM, Thomson CA. The role of dietary protein intake in the prevention of sarcopenia of aging. Nutr Clin Pract. 2013;28(6):684–90.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marzetti E, Calvani R, Cesari M, Buford TW, Lorenzi M, Behnke BJ, Leeuwenburgh C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and sarcopenia of aging: from signaling pathways to clinical trials. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45(10):2288–301.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(1):80–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yu J. The etiology and exercise implications of sarcopenia in the elderly. Int J Nursing Sciences. 2015;2(2):199–203.
Article
Google Scholar
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gray M, Glenn JM, Binns A. Predicting sarcopenia from functional measures among community-dwelling older adults. Age (Dordr). 2016;38(1):22.
Article
Google Scholar
Edwards MH, Dennison EM, Aihie SA, Fielding R, Cooper C. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older age. Bone. 2015;80:126–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Montero-Fernandez N, Serra-Rexach JA. Role of exercise on sarcopenia in the elderly. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013;49(1):131–43.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hickson M. Nutritional interventions in sarcopenia: a critical review. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74(4):378–86.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karelis AD, Messier V, Suppere C, Briand P, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Effect of cysteine-rich whey protein (immunocal(R)) supplementation in combination with resistance training on muscle strength and lean body mass in non-frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind controlled study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(5):531–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tieland M, van de Rest O, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, Mensink M, Van Loon LJ, de Groot LC. Protein supplementation improves physical performance in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(8):720–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D, Gilkison C, Sanford AP, Casperson SL, Jiang J, Chinkes DL, Urban RJ. Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(5):1630–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reuter SE, Evans AM. Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012;51(9):553–72.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Steiber A, Kerner J, Hoppel CL. Carnitine: a nutritional, biosynthetic, and functional perspective. Mol Aspects Med. 2004;25(5–6):455–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Owen KQ, Jit H, Maxwell CV, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Tremblay GC, Koo SI. Dietary L-carnitine suppresses mitochondrial branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity and enhances protein accretion and carcass characteristics of swine. J Anim Sci. 2001;79(12):3104–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Keller J, Ringseis R, Koc A, Lukas I, Kluge H, Eder K. Supplementation with l-carnitine downregulates genes of the ubiquitin proteasome system in the skeletal muscle and liver of piglets. Animal. 2012;6(1):70–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Keller J, Couturier A, Haferkamp M, Most E, Eder K. Supplementation of carnitine leads to an activation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and down regulates the E3 ligase MuRF1 in skeletal muscle of rats. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013;10(1):28.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bukhari SS, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Limb MC, Rankin D, Mitchell WK, Kobayashi H, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Intake of low-dose leucine-rich essential amino acids stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to bolus whey protein in older women at rest and after exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2015;308(12):E1056–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291(2):E381–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stipanuk MH. Leucine and protein synthesis: mTOR and beyond. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(3):122–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith RN, Agharkar AS, Gonzales EB. A review of creatine supplementation in age-related diseases: more than a supplement for athletes. F1000Res. 2014;3:222.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME. Creatine: endogenous metabolite, dietary, and therapeutic supplement. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:241–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Parise G, Mihic S, MacLennan D, Yarasheski KE, Tarnopolsky MA. Effects of acute creatine monohydrate supplementation on leucine kinetics and mixed-muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001;91(3):1041–7.
CAS
Google Scholar
Deldicque L, Louis M, Theisen D, Nielens H, Dehoux M, Thissen JP, Rennie MJ, Francaux M. Increased IGF mRNA in human skeletal muscle after creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(5):731–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wutzke KD, Lorenz H. The effect of l-carnitine on fat oxidation, protein turnover, and body composition in slightly overweight subjects. Metabolism. 2004;53(8):1002–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hayot M, Michaud A, Koechlin C, Caron MA, LeBlanc P, Prefaut C, Maltais F. Skeletal muscle microbiopsy: a validation study of a minimally invasive technique. Eur Respir J. 2005;25(3):431–40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shklyar I, Pasternak A, Kapur K, Darras BT, Rutkove SB. Composite biomarkers for assessing Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an initial assessment. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52(2):202–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kervio G, Carre F, Ville NS. Reliability and intensity of the six-minute walk test in healthy elderly subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(1):169–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976;72:248–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vendelbo MH, Moller AB, Christensen B, Nellemann B, Clasen BF, Nair KS, Jorgensen JO, Jessen N, Moller N. Fasting increases human skeletal muscle net phenylalanine release and this is associated with decreased mTOR signaling. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102031.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aleman-Mateo H, Macias L, Esparza-Romero J, Astiazaran-Garcia H, Blancas AL. Physiological effects beyond the significant gain in muscle mass in sarcopenic elderly men: evidence from a randomized clinical trial using a protein-rich food. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:225–34.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aleman-Mateo H, Carreon VR, Macias L, Astiazaran-Garcia H, Gallegos-Aguilar AC, Enriquez JR. Nutrient-rich dairy proteins improve appendicular skeletal muscle mass and physical performance, and attenuate the loss of muscle strength in older men and women subjects: a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:1517–25.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Arnarson A, Gudny GO, Ramel A, Briem K, Jonsson PV, Thorsdottir I. Effects of whey proteins and carbohydrates on the efficacy of resistance training in elderly people: double blind, randomised controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(8):821–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Osbak PS, Mourier M, Henriksen JH, Kofoed KF, Jensen GB. Effect of physical exercise training on muscle strength and body composition, and their association with functional capacity and quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44(11):975–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Costell M, O'Connor JE, Grisolia S. Age-dependent decrease of carnitine content in muscle of mice and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;161(3):1135–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morley JE, Argiles JM, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Cella D, Deutz NE, Doehner W, Fearon KC, Ferrucci L, Hellerstein MK, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lochs H, MacDonald N, Mulligan K, Muscaritoli M, Ponikowski P, Posthauer ME, Rossi FF, Schambelan M, Schols AM, Schuster MW, Anker SD. Nutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11(6):391–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Pennings B, Fry CS, Dhanani S, Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008;104(5):1452–61.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
von HS, Morley JE, Anker SD. An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1(2):129–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Jacobsen DE, Samson MM, Emmelot-Vonk MH, Verhaar HJ. Raloxifene and body composition and muscle strength in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;162(2):371–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schroeder ET, Vallejo AF, Zheng L, Stewart Y, Flores C, Nakao S, Martinez C, Sattler FR. Six-week improvements in muscle mass and strength during androgen therapy in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(12):1586–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bauer JM, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, Brandt K, Donini LM, Maggio M, McMurdo ME, Mets T, Seal C, Wijers SL, Ceda GP, De VG, Donders G, Drey M, Greig C, Holmback U, Narici M, McPhee J, Poggiogalle E, Power D, Scafoglieri A, Schultz R, Sieber CC, Cederholm T. Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(9):740–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Phillips SM. Nutritional supplements in support of resistance exercise to counter age-related sarcopenia. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(4):452–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
D'Antona G, Nisoli E. mTOR signaling as a target of amino acid treatment of the age-related sarcopenia. Interdiscip Top Gerontol. 2010;37:115–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Howell JJ, Manning BD. mTOR couples cellular nutrient sensing to organismal metabolic homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011;22(3):94–102.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Steiner JL, Bardgett ME, Wolfgang L, Lang CH, Stocker SD. Glucocorticoids attenuate the central sympathoexcitatory actions of insulin. J Neurophysiol. 2014;112(10):2597–604.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gross KL, Wedekind KJ, Kirk CA. Effect of dietary carnitine and chromium on weight loss and composition of obese dogs. J Animal Sci. 1998;76:175.
Google Scholar
Sandri M. Protein breakdown in muscle wasting: role of autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45(10):2121–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gumucio JP, Mendias CL. Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and sarcopenia. Endocrine. 2013;43(1):12–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jang J, Park J, Chang H, Lim K. l-Carnitine supplement reduces skeletal muscle atrophy induced by prolonged hindlimb suspension in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(12):1240–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Mechanisms underlying the anti-wasting effect of L-carnitine supplementation under pathologic conditions: evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(5):1421–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Glynn EL, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Excess leucine intake enhances muscle anabolic signaling but not net protein anabolism in young men and women. J Nutr. 2010;140(11):1970–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rawson ES, Clarkson PM, Price TB, Miles MP. Differential response of muscle phosphocreatine to creatine supplementation in young and old subjects. Acta Physiol Scand. 2002;174(1):57–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Devries MC, Phillips SM. Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults-a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(6):1194–203.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janssen HC, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(4):611–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Agergaard J, Trostrup J, Uth J, Iversen JV, Boesen A, Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Langberg H. Does vitamin-D intake during resistance training improve the skeletal muscle hypertrophic and strength response in young and elderly men? - a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2015;12:32.
Article
Google Scholar
Ferreira-Gonzalez I, Permanyer-Miralda G, Busse JW, Bryant DM, Montori VM, Alonso-Coello P, Walter SD, Guyatt GH. Methodologic discussions for using and interpreting composite endpoints are limited, but still identify major concerns. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(7):651–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar