Goldberg AL, Rock KL: Proteolysis, proteasomes and antigen presentation. Nature. 1992, 357: 375-379. 10.1038/357375a0.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hamel FG, Fawcett J, Bennett RG, Duckworth WC: Control of proteolysis: hormones, nutrients, and the changing role of the proteasome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004, 7: 255-258. 10.1097/00075197-200405000-00003.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ciechanover A: The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: on protein death and cell life. EMBO J. 1998, 17: 7151-7160. 10.1093/emboj/17.24.7151.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Jentsch S: The ubiquitin-conjugation system. Annu Rev Genet. 1992, 26: 179-207. 10.1146/annurev.ge.26.120192.001143.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Thrower JS, Hoffman L, Rechsteiner M, Pickart CM: Recognition of the polyubiquitin proteolytic signal. EMBO J. 2000, 19: 94-102. 10.1093/emboj/19.1.94.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cao PR, Kim HJ, Lecker SH: Ubiquitin-protein ligases in muscle wasting. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005, 37: 2088-2097. 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.11.010.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S, Lai VK, Nunez L, Clarke BA, Poueymirou WT, Panaro FJ, Na E, Dharmarajan K, Pan ZQ, Valenzuela DM, DeChiara TM, Stitt TN, Yancopoulos GD, Glass DJ: Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science. 2001, 294: 1704-1708. 10.1126/science.1065874.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gomes MD, Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Navon A, Goldberg AL: Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001, 98: 14440-14445. 10.1073/pnas.251541198.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Jagoe RT, Lecker SH, Gomes M, Goldberg AL: Patterns of gene expression in atrophying skeletal muscles: response to food deprivation. FASEB J. 2002, 16: 1697-1712. 10.1096/fj.02-0312com.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Gilbert A, Gomes M, Baracos V, Bailey J, Price SR, Mitch WE, Goldberg AL: Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression. FASEB J. 2004, 18: 39-51. 10.1096/fj.03-0610com.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Schiaffino S, Mammucari C: Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-Akt/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models. Skelet Muscle. 2011, 1: 4-10.1186/2044-5040-1-4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cantley LC: The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science. 2002, 296: 1655-1657. 10.1126/science.296.5573.1655.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hofler A, Nichols T, Grant S, Lingardo L, Esposito EA, Gridley S, Murphy ST, Kath JC, Cronin CN, Kraus M, Alton G, Xie Z, Sutton S, Gehring M, Ermolieff J: Study of the PDK1/AKT signaling pathway using selective PDK1 inhibitors, HCS, and enhanced biochemical assays. Anal Biochem. 2011, 414: 179-186. 10.1016/j.ab.2011.03.013.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Stitt TN, Drujan D, Clarke BA, Panaro F, Timofeyva Y, Kline WO, Gonzalez M, Yancopoulos GD, Glass DJ: The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors. Mol Cell. 2004, 14: 395-403. 10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00211-4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Keller J, Ringseis R, Koc A, Lukas I, Kluge H, Eder K: Supplementation with l-carnitine downregulates genes of the ubiquitin proteasome system in the skeletal muscle and liver of piglets. Animal. 2012, 6: 70-78. 10.1017/S1751731111001327.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Busquets S, Serpe R, Toledo M, Betancourt A, Marmonti E, Orpí M, Pin F, Capdevila E, Madeddu C, López-Soriano FJ, Mantovani G, Macciò A, Argilés JM: l-Carnitine: An adequate supplement for a multi-targeted anti-wasting therapy in cancer. Clin Nutr. 2012, 31: 889-895. 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.03.005.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Heo YR, Kang CW, Cha YS: L-Carnitine changes the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001, 47: 329-334. 10.3177/jnsv.47.329.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kita K, Kato S, Amanyaman M, Okumura J, Yokota H: Dietary L-carnitine increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in chicks fed a diet with adequate dietary protein level. Br Poult Sci. 2002, 43: 117-121. 10.1080/00071660120109980.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Doberenz J, Birkenfeld C, Kluge H, Eder K: Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in pregnant sows on plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factors, various hormones and metabolites and chorion characteristics. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2006, 90: 487-499. 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00631.x.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC: AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr. 1993, 123: 1939-1951.
CAS
Google Scholar
National Research Council: Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Publication no. 85–23 (rev.). 1985, Washington DC: National Institutes of Health
Google Scholar
Hara A, Radin NS: Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent. Anal Biochem. 1978, 90: 420-426. 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90046-5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Eder K, Kirchgeßner M: The effect of zinc deficiency on erythrocyte membrane lipids of force-fed rats receiving a diet containing coconut oil or fish oil. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1994, 8: 63-73.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hirche F, Fischer M, Keller J, Eder K: Determination of carnitine, its short chain acyl esters and metabolic precursors trimethyllysine and gamma-butyrobetaine by quasi-solid phase extraction and MS/MS detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009, 877: 2158-2162. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.048.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A, Speleman F: Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol. 2002, 3: RESEARCH0034.
Article
Google Scholar
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001, 25: 402-408. 10.1006/meth.2001.1262.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Keller J, Ringseis R, Priebe S, Guthke R, Kluge H, Eder K: Dietary L-carnitine alters gene expression in skeletal muscle of piglets. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011, 55: 419-429. 10.1002/mnfr.201000293.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Keller J, Ringseis R, Priebe S, Guthke R, Kluge H, Eder K: Effect of L-carnitine on the hepatic transcript profile in piglets as animal model. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011, 8: 76-10.1186/1743-7075-8-76.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fischer M, Varady J, Hirche F, Kluge H, Eder K: Supplementation of L-carnitine in pigs: absorption of carnitine and effect on plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations. Arch Anim Nutr. 2009, 63: 1-15. 10.1080/17450390802611636.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Seiliez I, Panserat S, Skiba-Cassy S, Fricot A, Vachot C, Kaushik S, Tesseraud S: Feeding status regulates the polyubiquitination step of the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent proteolysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle. J Nutr. 2008, 138: 487-491.
CAS
Google Scholar
Cohen S, Brault JJ, Gygi SP, Glass DJ, Valenzuela DM, Gartner C, Latres E, Goldberg AL: During muscle atrophy, thick, but not thin, filament components are degraded by MuRF1-dependent ubiquitylation. J Cell Biol. 2009, 185: 1083-1095. 10.1083/jcb.200901052.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lagirand-Cantaloube J, Offner N, Csibi A, Leibovitch MP, Batonnet-Pichon S, Tintignac LA, Segura CT, Leibovitch SA: The initiation factor eIF3-f is a major target for atrogin1/MAFbx function in skeletal muscle atrophy. EMBO J. 2008, 27: 1266-1276. 10.1038/emboj.2008.52.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lagirand-Cantaloube J, Cornille K, Csibi A, Batonnet-Pichon S, Leibovitch MP, Leibovitch SA: Inhibition of atrogin-1/MAFbx mediated MyoD proteolysis prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in vivo. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e4973-10.1371/journal.pone.0004973.
Article
Google Scholar
Csibi A, Leibovitch MP, Cornille K, Tintignac LA, Leibovitch SA: MAFbx/Atrogin-1 controls the activity of the initiation factor eIF3-f in skeletal muscle atrophy by targeting multiple C-terminal lysines. J Biol Chem. 2009, 284: 4413-421.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Jogo M, Shiraishi S, Tamura TA: Identification of MAFbx as a myogenin-engaged F-box protein in SCF ubiquitin ligase. FEBS Lett. 2009, 583: 2715-2719. 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.033.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Di Marzio L, Moretti S, D'Alò S, Zazzeroni F, Marcellini S, Smacchia C, Alesse E, Cifone MG, De Simone C: Acetyl-L-carnitine administration increases insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects: correlation with its suppressive effect on lymphocyte apoptosis and ceramide generation. Clin Immunol. 1999, 92: 103-110. 10.1006/clim.1999.4727.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Dritz SS, Koo SI, Minton JE, Owen KQ: Influence of dietary L-carnitine and chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day. J Anim Sci. 2007, 85: 2524-2537. 10.2527/jas.2006-284.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Brown KR, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Nelssen JL, Minton JE, Higgins JJ, Lin X, Odle J, Woodworth JC, Johnson BJ: Effects of feeding L-carnitine to gilts through day 70 of gestation on litter traits and the expression of insulin-like growth factor system components and L-carnitine concentration in foetal tissues. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2008, 92: 660-667. 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00762.x.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li M, Li C, Parkhouse WS: Age-related differences in the des IGF-I-mediated activation of Akt-1 and p70 S6K in mouse skeletal muscle. Mech Ageing Dev. 2003, 124: 771-778. 10.1016/S0047-6374(03)00124-6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fang CH, Li BG, Wang JJ, Fischer JE, Hasselgren PO: Treatment of burned rats with insulin-like growth factor I inhibits the catabolic response in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1998, 1998 (275): 1091-1098.
Google Scholar
Fang CH, Li BG, Wray CJ, Hasselgren PO: Insulin-like growth factor-I inhibits lysosomal and proteasome-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle after burn injury. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2002, 23: 318-325. 10.1097/00004630-200209000-00003.
Article
Google Scholar
Fang CH, Li BG, James JH, King JK, Evenson AR, Warden GD, Hasselgren PO: Protein breakdown in muscle from burned rats is blocked by insulin-like growth factor i and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibitors. Endocrinology. 2005, 146: 3141-3149. 10.1210/en.2004-0869.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Brunet A, Bonni A, Zigmond MJ, Lin MZ, Juo P, Hu LS, Anderson MJ, Arden KC, Blenis J, Greenberg ME: Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell. 1999, 96: 857-868. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80595-4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Glass DJ: Signalling pathways that mediate skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. Nat Cell Biol. 2003, 5: 87-90. 10.1038/ncb0203-87.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Heo K, Odle J, Han IK, Cho W, Seo S, van Heugten E, Pilkington DH: Dietary L-carnitine improves nitrogen utilization in growing pigs fed low energy, fat-containing diets. J Nutr. 2000, 130: 1809-1814.
CAS
Google Scholar
Owen KQ, Jit H, Maxwell CV, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Tremblay GC, Koo SI: Dietary L-carnitine suppresses mitochondrial branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity and enhances protein accretion and carcass characteristics of swine. J Anim Sci. 2001, 79: 3104-3112.
CAS
Google Scholar
Young VR: Regulation of protein synthesis and skeletal muscle growth. J Anim Sci. 1974, 38: 1054-1070.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lecker SH, Solomon V, Mitch WE, Goldberg AL: Muscle protein breakdown and the critical role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states. J Nutr. 1999, 129 (Suppl 1): 227-237.
Google Scholar
Labeit S, Kohl CH, Witt CC, Labeit D, Jung J, Granzier H: Modulation of muscle atrophy, fatigue and MLC phosphorylation by MuRF1 as indicated by hindlimb suspension studies on MuRF1-KO mice. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010, 201: 693741.
Google Scholar